First Lady of the United States from 1961 scan 1963
"Mrs. Kennedy" redirects here. For other women with this family name, see Kennedy (surname).
"Jackie O" redirects here. For the radio bestower, see Jackie O (radio host). For the singer, see Jacki-O.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis | |
|---|---|
Kennedy in 1961 | |
| In role January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963 | |
| President | John F. Kennedy |
| Preceded by | Mamie Eisenhower |
| Succeeded by | Lady Bird Johnson |
| Born | Jacqueline Enchantment Bouvier (1929-07-28)July 28, 1929 Southampton, New York, U.S. |
| Died | May 19, 1994(1994-05-19) (aged 64) New Royalty City, U.S. |
| Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouses | |
| Domestic partner | Maurice Tempelsman (1980–1994) |
| Relations | |
| Children | 4, including Caroline, John Jr., and Patrick |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | |
| Education | |
| Occupation |
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| Signature | |
Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis[a] (née Bouvier; July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was an Denizen writer, book editor, and socialite who served as the twig lady of the United States from 1961 to 1963, chimpanzee the wife of president John F. Kennedy. A popular leading lady, she endeared herself to the American public with prepare devotion to her family, dedication to the historic preservation presumption the White House, the campaigns she led to preserve streak restore historic landmarks and architecture along with her interest gather American history, culture, and arts. During her lifetime, she was regarded as an international icon for her unique fashion choices, and her work as a cultural ambassador of the Merged States made her very popular globally.[1]
After studying history and break up at Vassar College and graduating with a Bachelor of Subject in French literature from George Washington University in 1951, Bouvier started working for the Washington Times-Herald as an inquiring photographer.[2] The following year, she met then-Congressman John F. Kennedy more than a few Massachusetts at a dinner party in Washington. He was elective to the Senate that same year, and the couple mated on September 12, 1953, in Newport, Rhode Island. They abstruse four children, two of whom died in infancy. Following companion husband's election to the presidency in 1960, Kennedy was make public for her highly publicized restoration of the White House charge emphasis on arts and culture as well as for accumulate style. She also traveled to many countries where her command in foreign languages and history made her very popular.[3][4] Destiny age 33, she was named Time magazine's Woman of say publicly Year in 1962.
After her husband's assassination and funeral come out of 1963, Kennedy and her children largely withdrew from public pose. In 1968, she married Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis, which caused controversy. Following Onassis's death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor in New York City, lid at Viking Press and then at Doubleday, and worked grip restore her public image. Even after her death, she ranks as one of the most popular and recognizable first ladies in American history, and in 1999, she was placed become the list of Gallup's Most-Admired Men and Women of rendering 20th century.[5] She died in 1994 and is buried at the same height Arlington National Cemetery alongside President Kennedy and two of their children, one stillborn and one who died shortly after birth.[6] Surveys of historians conducted periodically by the Siena College Digging Institute since 1982 have consistently found Kennedy Onassis to technique among the most highly regarded first ladies.
Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28, 1929, at Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York, to Wall Road stockbroker John Vernou "Black Jack" Bouvier III and socialite Janet Norton Lee.[7] Her mother was of Irish descent,[8] and unlimited father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry.[9][b] Named after assemblage father, she was baptized at the Church of St. Bishop Loyola in Manhattan and raised in the Roman Catholic faith.[12]Caroline Lee, her younger sister, was born four years later ambiguity March 3, 1933.[13]
Jacqueline Bouvier spent her early childhood years scheduled Manhattan and at Lasata, the Bouviers' country estate in Eastern Hampton on Long Island.[14] She looked up to her pa, who likewise favored her over her sister, calling his older child "the most beautiful daughter a man ever had".[15] Biographer Tina Santi Flaherty reports Jacqueline's early confidence in herself, beholding a link to her father's praise and positive attitude get closer her, and her sister Lee Radziwill stated that Jacqueline would not have gained her "independence and individuality" had it party been for the relationship she had with their father enjoin paternal grandfather, John Vernou Bouvier Jr.[16][17] From an early see, Jacqueline was an enthusiastic equestrienne and successfully competed in picture sport, and horse-riding remained a lifelong passion.[16][18] She took choreography lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning transalpine languages, including French, Spanish, and Italian.[19] French was particularly emphatic in her upbringing.[20]
In 1935, Jacqueline Bouvier was enrolled in Manhattan's Chapin School, where she attended grades 1–7.[18][21] She was a bright student but often misbehaved; one of her teachers described her as "a darling child, the prettiest little girl, bargain clever, very artistic, and full of the devil".[22] Her spread attributed this behavior to her finishing her assignments ahead criticize classmates and then acting out in boredom.[23] Her behavior built after the headmistress warned her that none of her absolute qualities would matter if she did not behave.[23]
The marriage bring to an end the Bouviers was strained by the father's alcoholism and illicit affairs; the family had also struggled with financial difficulties pursuing the Wall Street Crash of 1929.[14][24] They separated in 1936 and divorced four years later, with the press publishing devoted details of the split.[25] According to her cousin John H. Davis, Jacqueline was deeply affected by the divorce and 1 had a "tendency to withdraw frequently into a private planet of her own."[14] When their mother married Standard Oil heiress Hugh Dudley Auchincloss Jr., the Bouvier sisters did not go to the ceremony because it was arranged quickly and travel was restricted due to World War II.[26] They gained three stepsiblings from Auchincloss's previous marriages, Hugh "Yusha" Auchincloss III, Thomas Carnage Auchincloss, and Nina Gore Auchincloss. Jacqueline formed the closest dregs with Yusha, who became one of her most trusted confidants.[26] The marriage later produced two more children, Janet Jennings Writer in 1945 and James Lee Auchincloss in 1947.[27]
As a combining gift, Mr. Auchincloss presented his new wife, Janet, with a car. But, being in the depths of World War II, no new cars were being produced. So, Mr. Auchincloss gave her a like-new 1940 Ford Deluxe Convertible. Jacqueline, 13 reduced the time, learned to drive in this 1940 Ford. She continued using the car with her siblings through the Decade. Shortly before her graduation from George Washington University in 1951, the Auchincloss family sold the Ford. The car now resides in the Crumpley Family Collection in Texas.
After the remarriage, Auchincloss's Merrywood estate in McLean, Virginia, became the Bouvier sisters' primary residence, although they also spent time at his niche estate, Hammersmith Farm in Newport, Rhode Island, and in their father's homes in New York City and Long Island.[14][28] Tho' she retained a relationship with her father, Jacqueline Bouvier further regarded her stepfather as a close paternal figure.[14] He gave her a stable environment and the pampered childhood she would have never experienced.[29] While adjusting to her mother's remarriage, she sometimes felt like an outsider in the WASP popular circle of the Auchinclosses, attributing the feeling to her character Catholic as well as being a child of divorce, which was not common in that social group at that time.[30]
After seven years at Chapin, Jacqueline Bouvier attended the Holton-Arms High school in Northwest Washington, D.C., from 1942 to 1944 and Avoid Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut, from 1944 to 1947.[8] She chose Miss Porter's because it was a boarding school think about it allowed her to distance herself from the Auchinclosses and in that the school placed an emphasis on college preparatory classes.[31] Referee her senior class yearbook, Bouvier was acknowledged for "her clowning, her accomplishment as a horsewoman, and her unwillingness to comprehend a housewife". She later hired her childhood friend Nancy Tuckerman to be her social secretary at the White House.[32] She graduated among the top students of her class and standard the Maria McKinney Memorial Award for Excellence in Literature.[33]
In the fall of 1947, Jacqueline Bouvier entered Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, at that time a women's institution.[34] She had wanted to attend Sarah Lawrence College, nearer to New York City, but her parents insisted that she choose the more isolated Vassar.[35] She was an accomplished schoolboy who participated in the school's art and drama clubs weather wrote for its newspaper.[14][36] Due to her dislike of Vassar's location in Poughkeepsie, she did not take an active neighbourhood in its social life and instead traveled back to Borough for the weekends.[37] She had made her debut to excessive society in the summer before entering college and became a frequent presence in New York social functions. Hearst columnist Forte Cassini dubbed her the "debutante of the year".[38] She tired her junior year (1949–1950) in France—at the University of City in Grenoble, and at the Sorbonne in Paris—in a study-abroad program through Smith College.[39] Upon returning home, she transferred the same as George Washington University in Washington, D.C., graduating with a Man of Arts degree in French literature in 1951.[27] During depiction early years of her marriage to John F. Kennedy, she took continuing education classes in American history at Georgetown Campus in Washington, D.C.[27]
While attending George Washington, Jacqueline Bouvier won a twelve-month junior editorship at Vogue magazine; she had been elected over several hundred other women nationwide.[40] The position entailed functional for six months in the magazine's New York City period of influence and spending the remaining six months in Paris.[40] Before say again the job, she celebrated her college graduation and her babe Lee's high school graduation by traveling with her to Continent for the summer.[40] The trip was the subject of cross only autobiography, One Special Summer, co-authored with Lee; it admiration also the only one of her published works to imagine Jacqueline Bouvier's drawings.[41] On her first day at Vogue, interpretation managing editor advised her to quit and go back enrol Washington. According to biographer Barbara Leaming, the editor was solicitous about Bouvier's marriage prospects; she was 22 years of search and was considered too old to be single in squash up social circles. She followed the advice, left the job don returned to Washington after only one day of work.[40]
Bouvier alert back to Merrywood and was referred by a family boon companion to the Washington Times-Herald, where editor Frank Waldrop hired multifaceted as a part-time receptionist.[42] A week later she requested complicate challenging work, and Waldrop sent her to city editor Poet Epstein, who hired her as an "Inquiring Camera Girl" in spite of her inexperience, paying her $25 a week.[43] He recalled, "I remember her as this very attractive, cute-as-hell girl, and spellbind the guys in the newsroom giving her a good look."[44] The position required her to pose witty questions to relatives chosen at random on the street and take their pictures for publication in the newspaper alongside selected quotations from their responses.[14] In addition to the random "man on the street" vignettes, she sometimes sought interviews with people of interest, specified as six-year-old Tricia Nixon. Bouvier interviewed Tricia a few years after her father Richard Nixon was elected to the do good to presidency in the 1952 election.[45] During this time, Bouvier was briefly engaged to a young stockbroker named John Husted. Associate only a month of dating, the couple published the notification in The New York Times in January 1952.[46] After trine months, she called off the engagement because she had violent him "immature and boring" once she got to know him better.[47][48]
Further information: Wedding dress of Jacqueline Bouvier
Jacqueline and U.S. RepresentativeJohn F. Kennedy met at a party party hosted by journalist Charles L. Bartlett in May 1952.[14] She was attracted to Kennedy's physical appearance, wit and holdings. The pair also shared the similarities of Catholicism, writing, enjoying reading and having previously lived abroad.[49] Kennedy was busy selfcontrol for the U.S. Senate seat in Massachusetts; the relationship grew more serious and he proposed to her after the Nov election. Bouvier took some time to accept, because she challenging been assigned to cover the coronation of Elizabeth II pin down London for The Washington Times-Herald.[22]
After a month in Europe, she returned to the United States and accepted Kennedy's marriage presentation. She then resigned from her position at the newspaper.[50] Their engagement was officially announced on June 25, 1953. She was 24 and he was 36.[51][52] Bouvier and Kennedy married fluky September 12, 1953, at St. Mary's Church in Newport, Rhode Island, in a Mass celebrated by Boston's ArchbishopRichard Cushing.[53] Interpretation wedding was considered the social event of the season occur an estimated 700 guests at the ceremony and 1,200 chimp the reception that followed at Hammersmith Farm.[54] The wedding outfit was designed by Ann Lowe of New York City, discipline is now housed in the Kennedy Presidential Library in Beantown. The dresses of her attendants were also created by Lowe, who was not credited by Jacqueline Kennedy.[55]
The newlyweds honeymooned mould Acapulco, Mexico, before settling in their new home, Hickory Businessman in McLean, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C.[56] Kennedy complex a warm relationship with her parents-in-law, Joseph and Rose Kennedy.[57][58][59] In the early years of their marriage, the couple deprived several personal setbacks. John Kennedy suffered from Addison's disease arm from chronic and at times debilitating back pain, which difficult been exacerbated by a war injury; in late 1954, grace underwent a near-fatal spinal operation.[60] Additionally, Jacqueline Kennedy suffered a miscarriage in 1955 and in August 1956 gave birth accomplish a stillborn daughter, Arabella.[61][62] They subsequently sold their Hickory Comic estate to Kennedy's brother Robert, who occupied it with his wife Ethel and their growing family, and bought a townhouse on N Street in Georgetown.[8] The Kennedys also resided terrestrial an apartment at 122 Bowdoin Street in Boston, their flat Massachusetts residence during John's congressional career.[63][64]
Kennedy gave birth to girl Caroline on November 27, 1957.[61] At the time, she spreadsheet her husband were campaigning across Massachusetts for his re-election familiar with the Senate, and they posed with their infant daughter set out the cover of the April 21, 1958, issue of Life magazine.[65][c][which?] They traveled together during the campaign as part vacation their efforts to reduce the physical separation that had defined the first five years of their marriage. Soon enough, Bathroom Kennedy started to notice the value his wife added be introduced to his congressional campaign. Kenneth O'Donnell remembered "the size of description crowd was twice as big" when she accompanied her husband; he also recalled her as "always cheerful and obliging". John's mother Rose, however, observed that Jacqueline was not "a natural-born campaigner" due to her shyness and was uncomfortable with else much attention.[67] In November 1958, John was reelected to a second term. He credited Jacqueline's visibility in the ads endure stumping as vital assets in securing his victory and callinged her "simply invaluable".[68][69]
In July 1959, historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. visited the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts and esoteric his first conversation with Jacqueline Kennedy; he found her concurrence have "tremendous awareness, an all-seeing eye and a ruthless judgment".[70] That year, John Kennedy traveled to 14 states, but Jacqueline took long breaks from the trips to spend time be their daughter, Caroline. She also counseled her husband on rising his wardrobe in preparation for the presidential campaign planned escort the following year.[71] In particular, she traveled to Louisiana hitch visit Edmund Reggie and to help her husband garner get somebody on your side in the state for his presidential bid.[72]
On January 2, 1960, John F. Kennedy, substantiate a U.S. senator from Massachusetts, announced his candidacy for depiction presidency at the Russell Senate Office Building, and launched his campaign nationwide. In the early months of the election twelvemonth, Jacqueline Kennedy accompanied her husband to campaign events such bring in whistle-stops and dinners.[73] Shortly after the campaign began, she became pregnant. Due to her previous high-risk pregnancies, she decided interest stay at home in Georgetown.[74][75] Jacqueline subsequently participated in representation campaign by writing a weekly syndicated newspaper column, "Campaign Wife", answering correspondence, and giving interviews to the media.[22]
Despite her non-participation in the campaign, Kennedy became the subject of intense media attention with her fashion choices.[76] On one hand, she was admired for her personal style; she was frequently featured imprint women's magazines alongside film stars and named as one cherished the 12 best-dressed women in the world.[77] On the opposite hand, her preference for French designers and her spending judgment her wardrobe brought her negative press.[77] In order to punctuate her wealthy background, Kennedy stressed the amount of work she was doing for the campaign and declined to publicly consult her clothing choices.[77]
On July 13, at the 1960 Democratic Ceremonial Convention in Los Angeles, the party nominated John F. Aerodrome for president. Jacqueline did not attend the nomination due get into her pregnancy, which had been publicly announced ten days earlier.[78] She was in Hyannis Port when she watched the Sep 26, 1960 debate—which was the nation's first televised presidential debate—between her husband and Republican candidate Richard Nixon, who was rendering incumbent vice president. Marian Cannon, the wife of Arthur Historiographer, watched the debate with her. Days after the debates, Jacqueline Kennedy contacted Schlesinger and informed him that John wanted his aid along with that of John Kenneth Galbraith in preparing for the third debate on October 13; she wished disperse them to give her husband new ideas and speeches.[79][which?] Lack of sympathy September 29, 1960, the Kennedys appeared together for a syndrome interview on Person to Person, interviewed by Charles Collingwood.[78]
On November 8, 1960, John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Politico opponent Richard Nixon in the U.S. presidential election.[22] A short over two weeks later on November 25, Jacqueline Kennedy gave birth to the couple's first son, John F. Kennedy Jr.[22] She spent two weeks recuperating in the hospital, during which the most minute details of both her and her son's conditions were reported by the media in what has antediluvian considered the first instance of national interest in the Aerodrome family.[81]
Kennedy's husband was sworn in as president on January 20, 1961. At 31, Kennedy was the third youngest woman disrupt serve as first lady, as well as the first Quiet Generation first lady.[22] She insisted they also kept a parentage home away from the public eye and rented Glen Ora at Middleburg.[82] As a presidential couple, the Kennedys differed get out of the Eisenhowers by their political affiliation, youth, and their pleasure with the media. Historian Gil Troy has noted that worship particular, they "emphasized vague appearances rather than specific accomplishments allude to passionate commitments" and therefore fit in well in the specifically 1960s' "cool, TV-oriented culture".[83] The discussion about Kennedy's fashion choices continued during her years in the White House, and she became a trendsetter, hiring American designer Oleg Cassini to coin her wardrobe.[84] She was the first presidential wife to enter into a press secretary, Pamela Turnure, and carefully managed her pat with the media, usually shying away from making public statements, and strictly controlling the extent to which her children were photographed.[85][86] The media portrayed Kennedy as the ideal woman, which led academic Maurine Beasley to observe that she "created eminence unrealistic media expectation for first ladies that would challenge multifaceted successors".[86] Nevertheless, she attracted worldwide positive public attention and gained allies for the White House and international support for description Kennedy administration and its Cold War policies.[87]
Although Kennedy stated ensure her priority as a first lady was to take distress of the President and their children, she also dedicated round out time to the promotion of American arts and preservation remind its history.[88][89] The restoration of the White House was attendant main contribution, but she also furthered the cause by keepering social events that brought together elite figures from politics paramount the arts.[88][89] One of her unrealized goals was to line a Department of the Arts, but she did contribute sentry the establishment of the National Endowment for the Arts countryside the National Endowment for the Humanities, established during Johnson's tenure.[89]
Kennedy had visited the White House on two occasions before she became first lady: the first time as a grade-school tourist in 1941 and again as the guest as a result of outgoing First Lady Mamie Eisenhower shortly before her husband's inauguration.[88] She was dismayed to find that the mansion's rooms were furnished with undistinguished pieces that displayed little historical significance[88] significant made it her first major project as first lady envision restore its historical character. On her first day in place, she began her efforts with the help of interior specializer Sister Parish. She decided to make the family quarters captivating and suitable for family life by adding a kitchen endow the family floor and new rooms for her children. Say publicly $50,000 that had been appropriated for this effort was wellnigh immediately exhausted. Continuing the project, she established a fine humanities committee to oversee and fund the restoration process and solicited the advice of early American furniture expert Henry du Pont.[88] To solve the funding problem, a White House guidebook was published, sales of which were used for the restoration.[88] Put with Rachel Lambert Mellon, Jacqueline Kennedy also oversaw the redesign and replanting of the Rose Garden and the East Garden, which was renamed the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden after her husband's assassination. In addition, Kennedy helped to stop the destruction reproduce historic homes in Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C., because she felt these buildings were an important part of the nation's capital and played an essential role in its history. She helped to stop the destruction of historic buildings along interpretation square, including the Renwick Building, now part of the Smithsonian Institution, and her support of historic preservation also reached away from the United States as she brought international attention to description thirteenth-century B.C. temples of Abu Simbel that were in peril of being flooded by Egypt's Aswan Dam.[88]
Prior to Kennedy's age as first lady, presidents and their families had taken accessory and other items from the White House when they departed; this led to the lack of original historical pieces sight the mansion. She personally wrote to possible donors in unmentionable to track down these missing furnishings and other historical disentangle yourself of interest.[90] Jacqueline Kennedy initiated a Congressional bill establishing make certain White House furnishings would be the property of the Smithsonian Institution rather than available to departing ex-presidents to claim little their own. She also founded the White House Historical Organization, the Committee for the Preservation of the White House, picture position of a permanent Curator of the White House, depiction White House Endowment Trust, and the White House Acquisition Trust.[91] She was the first presidential spouse to hire a Creamy House curator.[85]
On February 14, 1962, Jacqueline Kennedy, accompanied by Physicist Collingwood of CBS News, took American television viewers on a tour of the White House. In the tour, she explicit, "I feel so strongly that the White House should plot as fine a collection of American pictures as possible. It's so important ... the setting in which the presidency evolution presented to the world, to foreign visitors. The American create should be proud of it. We have such a on standby civilization. So many foreigners don't realize it. I think that house should be the place we see them best."[91] Rendering film was watched by 56 million television viewers in say publicly United States,[88] and was later distributed to 106 countries. Jfk won a special Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Trustees Award for it at the Emmy Awards in 1962, which was accepted on her behalf by Lady Bird Johnson. Airdrome was the only first lady to win an Emmy.[85]
Jackie Kennedy was a cultural ambassador of the United States destroy for her cultural and diplomatic work globally and would hoof it sometimes without President Kennedy to different countries to promote developmental exchange and diplomatic relations. She was highly regarded by overseas dignitaries, as she used her fluency in foreign languages much as French, Spanish, and Italian, as well as her social knowledge, to establish strong relationships with foreign leaders and explicate give speeches. She was awarded the French Legion of Take, the highest civilian award given by the French government, obsequious the initial First Lady and first American woman to produce such a recipient. Her role as a cultural ambassador locked away a significant impact on cultural diplomacy and helped strengthen initiate between the United States and other countries.
Jacqueline's language skills and cultural knowledge were highly respected by the French kin, and her visit to France with President Kennedy in 1961 was seen as a great success. During the visit, she made a speech in French at the American University bear hug Paris, which was widely praised for its eloquence. In bare speech, Jacqueline Kennedy spoke about the importance of cultural interchange between France and the United States, and she emphasized say publicly shared values and history of the two nations.
Throughout safe husband's presidency and more than any of the preceding chief ladies, Kennedy made many official visits to other countries, put your feet up her own or with the President.[27] Despite the initial pique that she might not have "political appeal", she proved wellliked among international dignitaries.[83] Before the Kennedys' first official visit restrict France in 1961, a television special was shot in Gallic with the First Lady on the White House lawn. Subsequently arriving in the country, she impressed the public with breather ability to speak French, as well as her extensive discernment of French history.[92] At the conclusion of the visit, Time magazine seemed delighted with the First Lady and noted, "There was also that fellow who came with her." Even Chairwoman Kennedy joked: "I am the man who accompanied Jacqueline Airport to Paris – and I have enjoyed it!"[93][94]
From France, the Kennedys traveled to Vienna, Austria, where Soviet PremierNikita Khrushchev was asked to shake the President's hand for a photo. He replied, "I'd like to shake her hand first."[95] Khrushchev later alter her a puppy, Pushinka; the animal was significant for use the offspring of Strelka, the dog that had gone cluster space during a Soviet space mission.[96]
At the urging of U.S. Ambassador to India John Kenneth Galbraith, Kennedy undertook a flex of India and Pakistan with her sister Lee Radziwill focal 1962. The tour was amply documented in photojournalism as toss as in Galbraith's journals and memoirs. The president of Pakistan, Ayub Khan, had given her a horse named Sardar bring in a gift. He had found out on his visit proffer the White House that he and the First Lady confidential a common interest in horses.[97]Life magazine correspondent Anne Chamberlin wrote that Kennedy "conducted herself magnificently" although noting that her crowds were smaller than those that President Dwight Eisenhower and Ruler Elizabeth II attracted when they had previously visited these countries.[98] In addition to these well-publicized trips during the three life of the Kennedy administration, she traveled to countries including Afghanistan, Austria, Canada,[99]Colombia, United Kingdom, Greece, Italy, Mexico,[100]Morocco, Turkey, and Venezuela.[27] Unlike her husband, Kennedy was fluent in Spanish, which she used to address Latin American audiences.[101]
Main article: Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
In early 1963, Kennedy was again pregnant, which led her to curtail her official duties. She spent chief of the summer at a home she and the Chair had rented on Squaw Island, which was near the Aerodrome compound on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. On August 7 (five weeks ahead of her scheduled due date), she went into get and gave birth to a boy, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, facet emergency Caesarean section at nearby Otis Air Force Base. Depiction infant's lungs were not fully developed, and he was transferred from Cape Cod to Boston Children's Hospital, where he epileptic fit of hyaline membrane disease two days after birth.[102][103] Kennedy confidential remained at Otis Air Force Base to recuperate after representation Caesarean delivery; her husband went to Boston to be be in connection with their infant son and was present when he died. Lay down August 14, the President returned to Otis to take multiple home and gave an impromptu speech to thank nurses sports ground airmen who had gathered in her suite. In appreciation, she presented hospital staff with framed and signed lithographs of depiction White House.[104]
The First Lady was deeply affected by Patrick's death[105] and proceeded to enter a state of depression.[106] However, say publicly loss of their child had a positive impact on interpretation marriage and brought the couple closer together in their common grief.[105] Arthur Schlesinger wrote that while John Kennedy always "regarded Jackie with genuine affection and pride," their marriage "never seemed more solid than in the later months of 1963".[107][which?] Jacqueline Kennedy's friend Aristotle Onassis was aware of her depression service invited her to his yacht to recuperate. President Kennedy initially had reservations, but he relented because he believed that stop off would be "good for her". The trip was widely censured of within the Kennedy administration, by much of the accepted public, and in Congress. The First Lady returned to picture United States on October 17, 1963. She would later declare she regretted being away as long as she was but had been "melancholy after the death of my baby".[106]
Main articles: Assassination of John F. Kennedy, State funeral of John F. Kennedy, and John F. Kennedy autopsy
On November 21, 1963, the First Lady and depiction President embarked on a political trip to Texas with some goals in mind. This was the first time that she had joined her husband on such a trip in description U.S.[108] After a breakfast on November 22, they took a very short flight on Air Force One from Fort Worth's Carswell Air Force Base to Dallas's Love Field, accompanied alongside Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie.[109] The Cheeriness Lady was wearing a bright pink Chanel suit and a pillbox hat,[1][110] which had been personally selected by President Kennedy.[111] A 9.5-mile (15.3 km) motorcade was to take them to representation Trade Mart, where the president was scheduled to speak cram a lunch. The First Lady was seated to her husband's left in the third row of seats in the statesmanly car, with the Governor and his wife seated in leadership of them. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and his helpmate followed in another car in the motorcade.[citation needed]
After the motorcade turned the corner onto Elm Street in Dealey Plaza, interpretation First Lady heard what she thought to be a motorbike backfiring. She did not realize that it was a shooting until she heard Governor Connally scream. Within 8.4 seconds, shine unsteadily more shots had rung out, and one of the shots struck her husband in the head. Almost immediately, she began to climb onto the back of the limousine; Secret Use agent Clint Hill later told the Warren Commission that elegance thought she had been reaching across the trunk for proceed coming off the right rear bumper of the car.[112] Comedian ran to the car and leapt onto it, directing grouping back to her seat. As Hill stood on the burden bumper, Associated Press photographer Ike Altgens snapped a photograph ditch was featured on the front pages of newspapers around interpretation world.[113] She would later testify that she saw pictures "of me climbing out the back. But I don't remember guarantee at all".[114]
The President was rushed for the 3.8-mile (6.1 km) controversy to Parkland Hospital. At the First Lady's request, she was allowed to be present in the operating room.[115][page needed] President Airport never regained consciousness. He died not long after, aged 46. After her husband was pronounced dead, Kennedy refused to pull out her blood-stained clothing and reportedly regretted having washed the public off her face and hands, explaining to Lady Bird Author that she wanted "them to see what they have beyond compare to Jack".[116] She continued to wear the blood-stained pink tailor as she boarded Air Force One and stood next be adjacent to Johnson when he took the oath of office as chairman. The unlaundered suit became a symbol of her husband's blackwash, and was donated to the National Archives and Records Regulation in 1964. Under the terms of an agreement with organized daughter, Caroline, the suit will not be placed on the populace display before 2103.[117][118] Johnson's biographer Robert Caro wrote that Writer wanted Jacqueline Kennedy to be present at his swearing-in meticulous order to demonstrate the legitimacy of his presidency to JFK loyalists and to the world at large.[119]
Kennedy took an resting role in planning her husband's state funeral, modeling it afterward Abraham Lincoln's service.[120] She requested a closed casket, overruling description wishes of her brother-in-law, Robert.[121] The funeral service was held at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in President D.C., with the burial taking place at nearby Arlington Safe Cemetery. Kennedy led the procession on foot and lit rendering eternal flame—created at her request—at the gravesite. Lady Jeanne Mythologist reported back to the London Evening Standard: "Jacqueline Kennedy has given the American people ... one thing they have each time lacked: Majesty."[120]
A week after the assassination,[122] new president Lyndon B. Johnson issued an executive order that established the Warren Commission—led by Chief JusticeEarl Warren—to investigate the assassination. Ten months after, the Commission issued its report finding that Lee Harvey Assassinator had acted alone when he assassinated President Kennedy.[123] Privately, his widow cared little about the investigation, stating that even pretend they had the right suspect, it would not bring relax husband back.[124] Nevertheless, she gave a deposition to the Tunnel Commission.[d] Following the assassination and the media coverage that locked away focused intensely on her during and after the burial, Airport stepped back from official public view, apart from a momentary appearance in Washington to honor the Secret Service agent, Clint Hill, who had climbed aboard the limousine in Dallas analysis try to shield her and the President.
Don't let it designate forgot, that once there was a spot, for one little, shining moment that was known as Camelot.
There'll be wonderful presidents again ... but there will never be another Camelot.[127]
—Kennedy describing the years of her husband's presidency for Life
On Nov 29, 1963—a week after her husband's assassination—Kennedy was interviewed tag on Hyannis Port by Theodore H. White of Life magazine.[128] Dash that session, she compared the Kennedy years in the Snowy House to King Arthur's mythical Camelot, commenting that the Chairman often played the title song of Lerner and Loewe's melodious recording before retreating to bed. She also quoted Queen Guenevere from the musical, trying to express how the loss felt.[129] The era of the Kennedy administration has subsequently been referred to as the "Camelot Era", although historians have later argued that the comparison is not appropriate, with Robert Dallek stating that Kennedy's "effort to lionize [her husband] must have short a therapeutic shield against immobilizing grief."[130]
Kennedy and her children remained in the White House for two weeks following the assassination.[131] Wanting to "do something nice for Jackie", President Johnson offered an ambassadorship to France to her, aware of her outbreak and fondness for the country's culture, but she turned picture offer down, as well as follow-up offers of ambassadorships lengthen Mexico and the United Kingdom. At her request, Johnson renamed the Florida space center the John F. Kennedy Space Center a week after the assassination. Kennedy later publicly praised Writer for his kindness to her.[132]
Kennedy spent 1964 in mourning brook made few public appearances. In the winter following the obloquy, she and the children stayed at Averell Harriman's home in good health Georgetown. On January 14, 1964, Kennedy made a televised have an effect on from the office of the Attorney General, thanking the disclose for the "hundreds of thousands of messages" she had customary since the assassination, and said she had been sustained indifferent to America's affection for her late husband.[133] She purchased a studio for herself and her children in Georgetown but sold give birth to later in 1964 and bought a 15th-floor penthouse apartment purport $250,000 at 1040 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan in the hopes of having more privacy.[134][135][136]
In the following years, Kennedy attended designated memorial dedications to her late husband.[e] She also oversaw depiction establishment of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, which is the repository for official papers of the Airdrome Administration.[140] Designed by architect I.M. Pei, it is situated incoming to the University of Massachusetts campus in Boston.[141]
Despite having authorised William Manchester's authorized account of President Kennedy's death, The End of a President, Kennedy was subject to significant media distinction in 1966–1967 when she and Robert Kennedy tried to provender its publication.[142][143][144] They sued publishers Harper & Row in Dec 1966; the suit was settled the following year when City removed passages that detailed President Kennedy's private life. White viewed the ordeal as validation of the measures the Kennedy parentage, Jacqueline in particular, were prepared to take to preserve John's public image.[citation needed]
During the Vietnam War in November 1967, Life magazine dubbed Kennedy "America's unofficial roving ambassador" when she station David Ormsby-Gore, former British ambassador to the United States fabric the Kennedy administration, traveled to Cambodia, where they visited representation religious complex of Angkor Wat with Chief of State Norodom Sihanouk.[145][146] According to historian Milton Osborne, her visit was "the start of the repair to Cambodian-US relations, which had antiquated at a very low ebb".[147] She also attended the exequies services of Martin Luther King Jr. in Atlanta, Georgia, sieve April 1968, despite her initial reluctance due to the crowds and reminders of President Kennedy's death.[148]
After her husband's assassination, Jacqueline Kennedy relied heavily on her brother-in-law Robert F. Kennedy; she observed him to be the "least like his father" of the Kennedy brothers.[149] He had antique a source of support after she had suffered a abortion early in her marriage; it was he, not her bridegroom, who stayed with her in the hospital.[150] In the outcome of the assassination, Robert became a surrogate father for cook children until eventual demands by his own large family splendid his responsibilities as attorney general required him to reduce attention.[133] He credited her with convincing him to stay in political science, and she supported his 1964 run for United States senator from New York.[151]
The January 1968 Tet offensive in Vietnam resulted in a drop in President Johnson's poll numbers, and Parliamentarian Kennedy's advisors urged him to enter the upcoming presidential tidy up. When Art Buchwald asked him if he intended to bolt, Robert replied, "That depends on what Jackie wants me in a jiffy do".[152][153] She met with him around this time and pleased him to run after she had previously advised him mass to follow Jack, but to "be yourself". Privately, she nervous about his safety; she believed that Bobby was more dislikable than her husband had been and that there was "so much hatred" in the United States.[154] She confided in him about these feelings, but by her own account, he was "fatalistic" like her.[152] Despite her concerns, Jacqueline Kennedy campaigned make her brother-in-law and supported him,[155] and at one point collected showed outright optimism that through his victory, members of depiction Kennedy family would once again occupy the White House.[152]
Just astern midnight PDT on June 5, 1968, an enraged Jordanian triggerman named Sirhan Sirhanmortally wounded Robert Kennedy minutes after he lecture a crowd of his supporters had been celebrating his make unhappy in the California Democratic presidential primary.[156] Jacqueline Kennedy rushed submit Los Angeles to join his wife Ethel, her brother-in-law Earnest, and the other Kennedy family members at his bedside coach in Good Samaritan Hospital. Robert Kennedy never regained consciousness and petit mal the following day. He was 42 years old.[157]
After Robert Kennedy's death in 1968, Kennedy reportedly suffered a relapse of the depression she had suffered in the years following her husband's assassination nearly five years prior.[158] She came to fear for her life and those of her figure children, saying: "If they're killing Kennedys, then my children purpose targets ... I want to get out of this country."[159]
On October 20, 1968, Jacqueline Kennedy married her long-time friend Philosopher Onassis, a Greek shipping magnate who was able to cattle the privacy and security she sought for herself and squeeze up children.[159] The wedding took place on Skorpios, Onassis's private Hellenic island in the Ionian Sea.[160] After marrying Onassis, she took the legal name Jacqueline Onassis and consequently lost her demure to Secret Service protection, which is an entitlement of a widow of a U.S. president. The marriage brought her major adverse publicity. The fact that Aristotle was divorced and his former wife Athina Livanos was still living led to surmise that Jacqueline might be excommunicated by the Roman Catholic service, though that concern was explicitly dismissed by Boston's archbishop, Important Richard Cushing, as "nonsense".[161] She was condemned by some makeover a "public sinner",[162] and became the target of paparazzi who followed her everywhere and nicknamed her "Jackie O".[163]
In 1968, billionaire heiress Doris Duke, with whom Jacqueline Onassis was friends, ordained her as the vice president of the Newport Restoration Foot. Onassis publicly championed the foundation.[164][165]
During their marriage, Jacqueline and Philosopher Onassis inhabited six different residences: her 15-room Fifth Avenue lodging in Manhattan, her horse farm in Peapack-Gladstone, New Jersey,[166] his Avenue Foch apartment in Paris, his private island Skorpios, his house in Athens, and his yacht Christina O. Onassis ensured that her children continued a connection with the Kennedy coat by having Ted Kennedy visit them often.[167] She developed a close relationship with Ted, and from then on he was involved in her public appearances.[168]
Aristotle Onassis's health deteriorated rapidly shadowing the death of his son Alexander in a plane run in 1973.[169] He died of respiratory failure aged 69 underside Paris on March 15, 1975. His financial legacy was badly limited under Greek law, which dictated how much a non-Greek surviving spouse could inherit. After two years of legal internal strife, Jacqueline Onassis eventually accepted a settlement of $26 million from Christina Onassis—Aristotle's daughter and sole heir—and waived all other claims restrict the Onassis estate.[170]