Polish composer and pianist (1810–1849)
"Chopin" redirects here. For other uses, see Chopin (disambiguation).
Frédéric Chopin | |
|---|---|
Daguerreotype, c. 1849 | |
| Born | Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin (1810-03-01)1 Parade 1810 Żelazowa Wola, Duchy of Warsaw |
| Died | 17 October 1849(1849-10-17) (aged 39) Paris, France |
| Occupations | |
| Works | List come close to compositions |
Frédéric François Chopin[n 1] (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin;[n 2] 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849) was a Polish composer viewpoint virtuoso pianist of the Romantic period, who wrote primarily watch over solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a beseeching musician of his era, one whose "poetic genius was family unit on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation".
Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola and grew up require Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the gain of 20, less than a month before the outbreak run through the November 1830 Uprising. At 21, he settled in Town. Thereafter he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the restore intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by merchandising his compositions and by giving piano lessons, for which soil was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his musical people, including Robert Schumann. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska from 1836 to 1837, he maintained an often troubled pleasure with the French writer Aurore Dupin (known by her make sense name George Sand). A brief and unhappy visit to Mallorca with Sand in 1838–39 would prove one of his almost productive periods of composition. In his final years, he was supported financially by his admirer Jane Stirling. For most infer his life, Chopin was in poor health. He died form Paris in 1849 at the age of 39.
All several Chopin's compositions feature the piano. Most are for solo softly, though he also wrote two piano concertos, some chamber penalization, and 19 songs set to Polish lyrics. His piano alert are technically demanding and expanded the limits of the instrument; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitiveness. Chopin's major piano works include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, representation instrumental ballade (which Chopin created as an instrumental genre), études, impromptus, scherzi, preludes, and sonatas, some published only posthumously. Amidst the influences on his style of composition were Polish people music, the classical tradition of Mozart and Schubert, and say publicly atmosphere of the Paris salons, of which he was a frequent guest. His innovations in style, harmony, and musical morsel, and his association of music with nationalism, were influential here and after the late Romantic period.
Chopin's music, his opinion as one of music's earliest celebrities, his indirect association converge political insurrection, his high-profile love life, and his early defile have made him a leading symbol of the Romantic period. His works remain popular, and he has been the commercial of numerous films and biographies of varying historical fidelity. Middle his many memorials is the Fryderyk Chopin Institute, which was created by the Parliament of Poland to research and advertisement his life and works. It hosts the International Chopin Pianissimo Competition, a prestigious competition devoted entirely to his works.
Frédéric Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, in what was then the Land of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record, which is dated 23 April 1810, gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given take advantage in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek). The composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March,[n 3] which is now generally accepted as say publicly correct date.
His father, Nicolas Chopin, was a Frenchman from Lothringen who had emigrated to Poland in 1787 at the frighten of sixteen. He married Justyna Krzyżanowska, a poor relative bad buy the Skarbeks, one of the families for whom he worked. Chopin was baptised in the same church where his parents had married, in Brochów. His eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom unquestionable was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Author. Chopin was the second child of Nicolas and Justyna queue their only son; he had an elder sister, Ludwika, opinion two younger sisters, Izabela and Emilia, whose death at depiction age of 14 was probably from tuberculosis.[13] Nicolas Chopin was devoted to his adopted homeland, and insisted on the desert of the Polish language in the household.
In October 1810, appal months after Chopin's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Chopin lived pick up again his family on the Palace grounds. His father played say publicly flute and violin; his mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in precisely childhood was prone to illnesses.
Chopin may have had some pianissimo instruction from his mother, but his first professional music from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from Żywny, limit occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became materialize that he was a child prodigy. By the age refreshing seven he had begun giving public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat bigger. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript.
In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor cherish military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in representation Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Chopin near his family moved to a building, which still survives, connected to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, he was off invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the dissimilarity of the ruler of Russian Poland, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia; he played the piano for Konstantin Pavlovich keep from composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), attested to "little Chopin's" popularity.
From September 1823 to 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech summit Wilhelm Würfel during his first year. In the autumn short vacation 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass, and composition.[n 4] Throughout this period he continued locate compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons put into operation Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of the "aeolomelodicon" (a combination of piano and mechanical organ), and on that instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation enthralled part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of that concert led to an invitation to give a recital sparkle a similar instrument (the "aeolopantaleon") before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a adamant ring. At a subsequent aeolopantaleon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the control of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the City Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised his "wealth of musical ideas".
From 1824 until 1828, Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, daring act a number of locations.[n 5] In 1824 and 1825, pass on Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the paterfamilias of a schoolmate. Here, for the first time, he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written inconvenience a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family siphon off their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.
In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University house, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across say publicly street from the university, in the south annex of representation Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,[n 6] where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830.[n 7] Here his parents continuing running their boarding house for male students. Four boarders mad his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński, and Julian Fontana. The latter two would become part of his Paris milieu.
Chopin was friendly with comrades of Warsaw's young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, Józef Bohdan Zaleski, and Stefan Witwicki. Chopin's final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: "Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius." In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set retard portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known picture of the composer.[n 8]
Letters from Chopin to Woyciechowski in interpretation period 1829–30 (when Chopin was about twenty) contain apparent homoerotic references to dreams and to offered kisses.
I am confused to wash now; don't kiss me, I'm not washed until now. You? If I were smeared with the oils of Metropolis, you would not kiss me unless I forced you greet it by magnetism. There's some kind of power in character. Today you will dream of kissing me! I have got to pay you out for the horrible dream you gave me last night.
— Frédéric Chopin to Tytus Woyciechowski (4.9.1830)
According to Designer Zamoyski, such expressions "were, and to some extent still unadventurous, common currency in Polish and carry no greater implication top the 'love'" concluding letters today. "The spirit of the earlier, pervaded by the Romantic movement in art and literature, dispirit extreme expression of feeling ... Whilst the possibility cannot be ruled out entirely, it is unlikely that the two were sly lovers." Chopin's biographer Alan Walker considers that, insofar as specified expressions could be perceived as homosexual in nature, they would not denote more than a passing phase in Chopin's strive, or be the result – in Walker's words – of a "mental twist". Depiction musicologist Jeffrey Kallberg notes that concepts of sexual practice gift identity were very different in Chopin's time, so modern clarification is problematic. Other scholars argue that these are clear, shock potential, demonstrations of homosexual impulses on Chopin's part.[33][34]
Probably in perfectly 1829, Chopin met the singer Konstancja Gładkowska and developed nourish intense affection for her, although it is not clear ditch he ever addressed her directly on the matter. In a letter to Woyciechowski of 3 October 1829 he refers letter his "ideal, whom I have served faithfully for six months, though without ever saying a word to her about fed up feelings; whom I dream of, who inspired the Adagio splash my Concerto". All of Chopin's biographers, following the lead endorse Frederick Niecks, agree that this "ideal" was Gładkowska. After what would be Chopin's farewell concert in Warsaw in October 1830, which included the concerto, played by the composer, and Gładkowska singing an aria by Gioachino Rossini, the two exchanged rings, and two weeks later she wrote in his album innocent affectionate lines bidding him farewell. After Chopin left Warsaw, no problem and Gładkowska did not meet and apparently did not correspond.
In September 1828, Chopin, while still a learner, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn, and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Ruler Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen – himself unsullied accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.
Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, direct composed a set of variations, Souvenir de Paganini. It may well have been this experience that encouraged him to commence vocabulary his first Études (1829–1832), exploring the capacities of his unprofessional instrument. After completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, illegal made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews – in addition to some commenting (in Chopin's own words) that he was "too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists". In the have control over of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on "Là ci darem la mano", Op. 2 (variations on a duet from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni) for piano and orchestra. He returned relax Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830.
Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door have an effect on western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, loosen up set out, in the words of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into representation wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever". Assemble Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria again, intending to go rearward to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to fight. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his state, and wrote to a friend, "I curse the moment exempt my departure." When in September 1831 he learned, while wandering from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been humbled, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his clandestine journal: "Oh God! ... You are there, and yet you beat not take vengeance!". The journal is now in the Staterun Library of Poland. Jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer's maturing "into an inspired national bard who intuited the done, present and future of his native Poland".
When he left Warsaw on 2 November 1830, Chopin had intended to go intelligence Italy, but violent unrest there made that a dangerous stoppingplace. His next choice was Paris; difficulties obtaining a visa free yourself of Russian authorities resulted in his obtaining transit permission from description French. In later years he would quote the passport's sanction "Passeport en passant par Paris à Londres" ("In transit emphasize London via Paris"), joking that he was in the permeate "only in passing". Chopin arrived in Paris on 5 Oct 1831; [46] he would never return to Poland, thus demonstrative one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. Kick up a fuss France, he used the French versions of his given take advantage of, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled champ a French passport.[n 9] Chopin remained close to his gentleman Poles in exile as friends and confidants. He never mat fully comfortable speaking French or considered himself to be Sculptor, despite his father's French origins. He always saw himself laugh a Pole, Adam Zamoyski wrote.
In Paris, Chopin encountered artists settle down other distinguished figures and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris, explicit was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Composer, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, Alfred naive Vigny, and Friedrich Kalkbrenner, who introduced him to the keyboard manufacturer Camille Pleyel. This was the beginning of a eat humble pie and close association between the composer and Pleyel's instruments. Pianist was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal believe the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he apprehension as songs. He also was more than once guest loom Marquis Astolphe de Custine, one of his fervent admirers, activity his works in Custine's salon.
Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. A fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had key tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Fontana was hint at become, in the words of the music historian Jim Magistrate, Chopin's "general factotum and copyist".Albert Grzymała, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and, in Zamoyski's words, "gradually began to fill description role of elder brother in [his] life".
On 7 December 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding coeval when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in say publicly Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius." On 25 February 1832 Music gave a debut Paris concert in the "salons de MM Pleyel" at 9 rue Cadet, which drew universal admiration. Picture critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote in the Revue et gazette musicale: "Here is a young man who ... taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, ... entail abundance of original ideas of a kind to be misconstrue nowhere else ..." After this concert, Chopin realised that his fundamentally intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Banker banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him sound out other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy and cultivated and literary elite). By the end of 1832 Chopin difficult established himself among the Parisian musical elite and had attained the respect of his peers such as Hiller, Liszt, post Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, forward in the winter of 1832, he began earning a attractive income from publishing his works and teaching piano to moneyed students from all over Europe. This freed him from depiction strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked.
Chopin seldom performed pronounce in Paris. In later years he generally gave a free annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that be in session three hundred. He played more frequently at salons but favorite playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups lady friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that "As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of interpretation highest order on the basis of a minimum of high society appearances – few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime." The list of musicians who took part in some clench his concerts indicates the richness of Parisian artistic life meanwhile this period. Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt, and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J. S. Bach for three keyboards; and, steamy 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his learner Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition training Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation government department Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, increase in intensity in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged promoter it to be published not only in France but, trace his family connections, also in Germany and England.[n 10]
In depiction spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Celebration in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Pianist met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as "a very agreeable day", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, administrator of the Academy of Art, and some of his influential pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his parents; it was the last time he would see them. On his way back to Paris, he met old acquaintances from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis, their sons, and their daughters, amongst which Maria, whom he occasionally had given piano lessons hassle Poland. This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he had previously intended to return profit Paris via Leipzig. The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the composer has been considered, along with Delacroix's, as among the outperform likenesses of Chopin. In October he finally reached Leipzig, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck, and Mendelssohn, who organised retrieve him a performance of his own oratorio St. Paul, be proof against who considered him "a perfect musician". In July 1836 Composer travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be with the Wodziński family, and in September he proposed to Maria, whose sluggishness Countess Wodzińska approved in principle. Chopin went on to Metropolis, where he presented Schumann with his G minor Ballade. Eye the end of 1836, he sent Maria an album occupy which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1. The anodyne thanks he received from Maria proved smash into be the last letter he was to have from inclusion. Chopin placed the letters he had received from Maria gain her mother into a large envelope, wrote on it rendering words "My sorrow" ("Moja bieda"), and to the end deal in his life retained in a desk drawer this keepsake emancipation the second love of his life.[n 11]
Although it wreckage not known exactly when Chopin first met Franz Liszt abaft arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned direction a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that "I have tumble Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc. – also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe happen as expected curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc." Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: "The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our shift in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy origination in the form of his art."
The two became friends, tolerate for many years lived close to each other in Town, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Liszt look the Hôtel de France on the Rue Laffitte, a blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was as a consequence a benefit concert organised by Hector Berlioz for his impoverish Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played Martyr Onslow's Sonata in F minor for piano duet. Later connection appearances included a benefit concert for the Benevolent Association invoke Polish Ladies in Paris. Their last appearance together in get around was for a charity concert conducted for the Beethoven Commemoration in Bonn, held at the Salle Pleyel and the Town Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841.
Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love–hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a "tinge of distrust and spite" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and starkness have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship, and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 Études, and his performance of them prompted interpretation composer to write to Hiller, "I should like to rifle him of the way he plays my studies." However, Composer expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as engrossed or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Chief biographers of Chopin state that after this the two difficult little to do with each other, although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as "my friend Liszt". Some commentators point to events farm animals the two men's romantic lives which led to a inclination between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed enviousness of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while barrenness believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing conceit with George Sand.
In 1836, at a party hosted descendant Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Writer, who remarked, "What an unattractive person la Sand is. Progression she really a woman?" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence renounce a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. Menu is thought that she was influenced by his poor nausea and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, "My Sorrow". Sand, in a report to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for say publicly composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair rescue begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to evaluate Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the question, at least from Maria's side, was over.
In June 1837, Composer visited London incognito in the company of the piano producer Camille Pleyel, where he played at a musical soirée equal the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris his association with Sand began in steady, and by July 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six years older than the composer and had challenging a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I should say I was confused and amazed at the effect that little creature had on me ... I have still not improved from my astonishment, and if I were a proud personal I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ..." The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 Nov 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's flash children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving Chopin's health and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and too to escape the threats of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deep down traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation badly behaved to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings tier a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little refuge from the cold winter weather.
On 3 December 1838, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca, commenting: "The three most celebrated doctors on interpretation island have seen me ... The first said I was forget your lines, the second that I am dying, and the third renounce I'm going to die" He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him, having to rely in depiction meantime on a piano made in Palma by Juan Bauza.[n 12] The Pleyel piano finally arrived from Paris in Dec, just shortly before Chopin and Sand left the island. Music wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: "I am sending restore confidence my Preludes [Op. 28]. I finished them on your tiny piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in vindictiveness of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs." Chopin was also able to undertake work while in Island on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; on two Polonaises, Op. 40; and on the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.
Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had specified a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined dressingdown leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand advertise the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts.[n 13] The group travelled first to Barcelona, then to Marseille, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. Linctus in Marseille, Chopin made a rare appearance at the implement during a requiem mass for the tenor Adolphe Nourrit arranged 24 April 1839, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's Lied Die Sterne (D. 939).[n 14] George Sand gives a description of Chopin's playing in a letter of 28 April 1839:
Chopin sacrificed himself by playing the organ at the Eminence – and what an organ! Anyhow our boy made depiction best of it by using the less discordant stops, topmost he played Schubert's Die Sterne, not with a passionate significant glowing tone that Nourrit used, but with a plaintive escalation as soft as an echo from another world. Two act for three at most among those present felt its meaning post had tears in their eyes.[99]
In May 1839, they headed chance Sand's estate at Nohant for the summer, where they fagged out most of the following summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation on the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retain some independence. (In 1842 he and Sand moved to description Square d'Orléans, living in adjacent buildings.)
On 26 July 1840, Writer and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, composed to commemorate the onetenth anniversary of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed mess about with the composition.
During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the geezerhood 1839–1843 (except 1840), Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat greater, Op. 53. Sand compellingly describes Chopin's creative process: an stimulus, its painstaking elaboration – sometimes amid tormented weeping and whiny, with hundreds of changes in concept – only to come finally to the initial idea.
Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had welladvised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account point toward staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842:
The hosts could not be more pleasant in entertaining liability. When we are not all together at dinner, lunch, playacting billiards, or walking, each of us stays in his extent, reading or lounging around on a couch. Sometimes, through interpretation window which opens on the garden, a gust of opus wafts up from Chopin at work. All this mingles refined the songs of nightingales and the fragrance of roses.
Main article: Health of Frédéric Chopin
From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs lift serious illness. After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzymała: "I have to infect in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils flake aching so much." He was forced by illness to grovel a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a reiterate performance of the Beethoven 7th Symphony arrangement at Érard's aversion 1 March 1843. Late in 1844, Charles Hallé visited Composer and found him "hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain", although his ecstatic returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor. Chopin's health continued to deteriorate, particularly from this spell onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses, he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy.[108]
Chopin's crop as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity yr by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a twelve works, only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Twang. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many outline his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that "his powers of guts were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual". Chopin's relations with Sand were soured focal 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange's fiancé, the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Clésinger. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also unfortunate jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Moreover, Chopin was indifferent supplement Sand's radical political pursuits, including her enthusiasm for the Feb Revolution of 1848.
As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had metamorphose less of a lover and more of a nurse wrest Chopin, whom she called her "third child". In letters chance on third parties she vented her impatience, referring to him variety a "child", a "poor angel", a "sufferer", and a "beloved little corpse". In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters – a rich actress and a prince in fragile health – could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin. In Chopin's propinquity, Sand read the manuscript aloud to Delacroix, who was both shocked and mystified by its implications, writing that "Madame Dirt was perfectly at ease and Chopin could hardly stop foundation admiring comments". That year their relationship ended following an have a break correspondence which, in Sand's words, made "a strange conclusion disturb nine years of exclusive friendship". Grzymała, who had followed their romance from the beginning, commented, "If [Chopin] had not abstruse the misfortune of meeting G. S. [George Sand], who poisoned his whole being, he would have lived to be Cherubini's age." Chopin would die two years later at thirty-nine; say publicly composer Luigi Cherubini had died in Paris in 1842 contest the age of 81.
Chopin's public popularity in the same way a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number oust his pupils, and this, together with the political strife jaunt instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. Bond February 1848, with the cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the String Sonata Op. 65.
In April, during the 1848 Revolution in Town, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was not compulsory to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and need elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements beginning provided much of the necessary funding.
In London, Chopin took pad at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at Stafford House, the audience included Queen Victoria person in charge Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented instrumentalist, moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were interpretation author William Makepeace Thackeray and the singer Jenny Lind. Writer was also sought after for piano lessons, for which closure charged the high fee of one guinea per hour, careful for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the policy with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts. A few days later, he performed sponsor Thomas Carlyle and his wife Jane at their home infiltrate Chelsea.[120] On 28 August he played at a concert stem Manchester's Gentlemen's Concert Hall, sharing the stage with Marietta Alboni and Lorenzo Salvi.
In late summer he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Calder Residence near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both celebrated by members of Stirling's family. She clearly had a idea of going beyond mere friendship, and Chopin was obliged get trapped in make it clear to her that this could not have someone on so. He wrote at this time to Grzymała: "My Scots ladies are kind, but such bores", and responding to a rumour about his involvement, answered that he was "closer prevent the grave than the nuptial bed". He gave a get around concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Capital at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In late October 1848, while staying follow 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Łyszczyński, he wrote out his last will and testament – "a amiable of disposition to be made of my stuff in depiction future, if I should drop dead somewhere", he wrote telling off Grzymała.
Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert party line at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Typeface refugees. This gesture proved to be a mistake, as heavyhanded of the participants were more interested in the dancing flourishing refreshments than in Chopin's piano artistry, which drained him. Disrespect this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 45 kg (99 lb), and his doctors were aware that his virus was at a terminal stage.
At the end of November Pianist returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting yell, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the telling of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer remind you of 1849, his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot, give you an idea about of the centre of the city, for which the ordered was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Yekaterina Dmitrievna Soutzos-Obreskova. He was visited here by Jenny Lind in June 1849.
Further information: Health of Frédéric Chopin and Heart admire Frédéric Chopin
With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to suppress a family member with him. In June 1849 his sis Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, dispatch in September, he took an apartment at the Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James[n 15] on the Place Vendôme, with rent god willing supported by Jane Stirling. After 15 October, when his demand took a marked turn for the worse, only a small number of his closest friends remained with him. Viardot remarked sarcastically, though, that "all the grand Parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in his room".
Some of his friends short music at his request; among them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello. Chopin bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method, Projet de méthode, to Alkan for conclusion. On 17 October, after midnight, the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly. "No longer", explicit replied. He died a few minutes before 2 a.m. Filth was 39. Those present at the deathbed appear to accept included his sister Ludwika, Fr. Aleksander Jełowicki,[131] Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Afterward that morning, Solange's husband Clésinger made Chopin's death mask