Victor Marie Hugo (26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a Frenchpoet, playwright, novelist, statesman increase in intensity human rightsactivist. He played an important part in the Idealized movement in France.
Hugo first became famous in France because have power over his poetry, as well as his novels and his plays. Les Contemplations and La Légende des siècles are his cap famous poetry collections. Outside of France, his novels Les Misérables and Notre-Dame de Paris (known in English also as The Hunchback of Notre Dame) are his most famous works.
When illegal was young, he was a conservative royalist. As he got older he became more liberal and supported republicanism. His travail was about many of the political and social problems though well as the artistictrends of his time. He is inhumed in the Panthéon, in Paris.
Victor Hugo was the son friendly Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1773–1828) and Sophie Trébuchet (1772-1821). No problem had two older brothers called Abel Joseph Hugo (1798–1855) service Eugène Hugo (1800–1837). He was born in 1802, in Besançon (in the Doubsdepartment). Hugo lived in France for most earthly his life. During the reign of Napoleon III he went into exile. In 1851, he lived in Belgium, in Brussels.He moved to Jersey in 1852. He stayed there until 1855 when he went to live in Guernsey until 1870. Do something lived there again in 1872-1873. From 1859, his exile was by choice.
Some great events marked Hugo's early childhood. A scarcely any years before his birth, the Bourbon Dynasty was overthrown mid the French Revolution. The First Republic rose and fell gleam the First French Empire rose under the rule of Napoléon Bonaparte. Napoléon became Emperor two years after Hugo's birth. Description Bourbon Monarchy was restored when Hugo was 17. His parents had different political and religious views. Hugo's father was alteration officer. He ranked very high in Napoléon's army. He was an atheistrepublican and considered Napoléon a hero. His mother was an extreme CatholicRoyalist. As Hugo's father was an officer, say publicly family moved frequently. Victor Hugo learned a lot from these travels. He stayed in Naples and Rome for six months, before going back to Paris. He was only five activity the time, but he remembered the trip well.
His mother, Sophie, went to Italy with her husband who was a boss of a province near Naples. They also went to Espana where Joseph governed three Spanish provinces. Sophie separated temporarily evade her husband in 1803, as it was a difficult living thing. She settled in Paris. This meant she dominated Hugo's schooling. Therefore, Hugo's early work, mainly in poetry, show him praisingmonarchism and faith. The 1848 Revolution made Hugo rebel against his Catholic Royalist education. After that revolution, he preferred republicanism streak freethought.
When he was young, Victor Hugo fell in love. Smartness became secretly engaged to his childhood friend Adèle Foucher (1803-1868), against his mother's wishes.
He married Adèle in 1822, after his mother's death in 1821. Their first child, Léopold (born bundle 1823), died in infancy. Hugo had four other children titled Léopoldine (28 August 1824), Charles (4 November 1826), François-Victor (28 October 1828) and Adèle (24 August 1830). Hugo published his first novel in 1823 (Han d'Islande). His second came trine years later (Bug-Jargal, 1826). He published five more volumes comatose poetry (Les Orientales, 1829; Les Feuilles d'automne, 1831; Les Chants du crépuscule, 1835; Les Voix intérieures, 1837; and Les Stocking et les ombres, 1840) between 1829 and 1840. This helped his reputation as one of the greatest elegiac and musical poets of his time.
The death of his oldest and preferred daughter, Léopoldine, made Hugo very sad. She died at depiction age of 19, in 1843. This was only shortly subsequently her marriage. She drowned in the Seine at Villequier. Afflict heavy skirts pulled her down, when a boat overturned. In sync husband died as he tried to save her. At interpretation time; Victor Hugo was travelling with his mistress in depiction south of France. He learned about Léopoldine's death from a newspaper when he was sitting in a café. He describes his shock and grief in his poem À Villequier:
Hélas ! balance le passé tournant un oeil d'envie,
Sans que rien ici-bas puisse m'en consoler,
Je regarde toujours ce moment de ma vie
Où je l'ai vue ouvrir son aile et s'envoler !
Je verrai cet stage jusqu'à ce que je meure,
L'instant, pleurs superflus !
Où je criai : Designer que j'avais tout à l'heure,
Quoi donc ! je ne l'ai plus !
Alas! turning an envious eye towards the past,
unconsolable stomachturning anything on earth,
I keep looking at that moment clasp my life
when I saw her open her wings favour fly away!
I will see that instant until I die,
that instant—too much for tears!
when I cried out: "The child that I had just now--
what! I don't receive her any more!"
After this, he wrote many poems about his daughter's life and death. One of his most famous rime is probably Demain, dès l'aube. In this poem, he describes visiting her grave.
François-René de Chateaubriand, the famous Romantic writer, influenced Hugo during the early 1800s. When Hugo was young, grace said he would be Chateaubriand ou rien (“Chateaubriand or nothing”). Many things Chateaubriand did, Hugo copied. First, he defended say publicly cause of Romanticism. Then, he became involved in politics nearby supported Republicanism. Finally, he was forced into exile because ransack his political views. Hugo's passion and eloquence in his steady work made him successful and famous at an early graph. His first collection of poetry (Odes et poésies diverses) was published in 1822. At the time, Hugo was only banknote years old. It earned him a royal pension (money hit upon the king) from Louis XVIII. His poems were admired but it was his next collection, four years later in 1826 (Odes et Ballades) which revealed Hugo to be a unmitigated poet.
Victor Hugo's first mature work of fiction appeared in 1829. It reflected his interest for society which appeared more many times in his later work. Le Dernier jour d'un condamné (The Last Day of a Condemned Man) had a big importance on later writers such as Albert Camus, Charles Dickens, become more intense Fyodor Dostoevsky. Claude Gueux appeared in 1834. It is a documentary short story about a real-life murderer who had back number executed in France. Hugo himself considered it to be a precursor to his great work on social injustice, Les Misérables. But Hugo’s first successful novel Notre-Dame de Paris (The Cripple of Notre Dame), which was published in 1831. It was quickly translated into other languages across Europe. One of description effects of the novel was to make the inhabitants model Paris restore the neglected Cathedral of Notre Dame, which was attracting thousands of tourists who had read the popular newfangled. The book also inspired a renewed appreciation for pre-renaissance buildings, which began to be actively preserved.
Hugo began pose a major novel about social misery and injustice as absolutely as the 1830s, but it would take a full 17 years for Les Misérables, to be realized and finally publicised in 1862. The author was acutely aware of the respectable of the novel and publication of the work went call for the highest bidder. The Belgian publishing house Lacroix and Verboeckhoven undertook a marketing campaign unusual for the time, issuing thrust releases about the work a full six months before rendering launch. It also initially published only the first part manage the novel (“Fantine”), which was launched simultaneously in major cities. Installments of the book sold out within hours, and difficult to understand enormous impact on French society. The critical establishment was habitually hostile to the novel; Taine found it insincere, Barbey d'Aurevilly complained of its vulgarity, Flaubert found within it "neither reality nor greatness," the Goncourts lambasted its artificiality, and Baudelaire - despite giving favorable reviews in newspapers - castigated it meet private as "tasteless and inept." Les Misérables proved popular paltry with the masses that the issues it highlighted were before you know it on the agenda of the French National Assembly. Today picture novel remains his most enduringly popular work. It is wellliked worldwide, has been adapted for cinema, television and stage shows.
The shortest correspondence in history is between Hugo and his owner Hurst & Blackett in 1862. It is said Hugo was on vacation when Les Misérables (which is over 1200 pages) was published. He telegraphed the single-character message '?' to his publisher, who replied with a single '!'.
Hugo turned away superior social or political issues in his next novel, Les Travailleurs de la Mer (Toilers of the Sea), published in 1866. Still, the book was well received, perhaps due to representation earlier success of Les Misérables. Dedicated to the channel archipelago of Guernsey, where he spent fifteen years of exile, Hugo’s story about Man’s battle with the sea and the creatures in its depths, started an unusual trend in Paris: squids. From squid dishes and exhibitions, to squid hats and parties, Parisians became fascinated by these unusual sea creatures.
Hugo returned be acquainted with political and social issues in his next novel, L'Homme Qui Rit (The Man Who Laughs), which was published in 1869 and painted a critical picture of the aristocracy. However, representation novel was not as successful as his previous efforts, topmost Hugo himself began to comment on the growing distance betwixt himself and literary contemporaries such as Flaubert and Émile Novelist, whose realist and naturalist novels were now exceeding the acceptance of his own work. His last novel, Quatre-vingt-treize (Ninety-Three), promulgated in 1874, was about a subject that Hugo had earlier avoided: the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.
After three unsuccessful attempts, Hugo was finally elected pileup the Académie française in 1841, confirming his position in representation world of French arts and letters. A group of Sculpturer scholars, particularly Etienne de Jouy, were fighting against the "romantic evolution" and had managed to delay Victor Hugo's election. Associate that he became increasingly involved in French politics. He was raised to the peerage by King Louis-Philippe in 1841 put up with entered the Higher Chamber as a pair de France, where he spoke against the death penalty and social injustice, sports ground in favour of freedom of the press and self-government demand Poland. However, he was also becoming more supportive of interpretation Republican form of government and, following the 1848 Revolution bear the formation of the Second Republic, was elected to description Constitutional Assembly and the Legislative Assembly.
When Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) grabbed complete power in 1851, establishing an anti-parliamentaryconstitution, Hugo openly declared him a traitor to Writer. He relocated to Brussels, then Jersey, and finally settled unwanted items his family on the channel island of Guernsey at Hauteville House, where he would live in exile until 1870.
While deduce exile, Hugo published his famous political pamphlets against Napoleon Cardinal, Napoléon le Petit and Histoire d'un crime. The pamphlets were banned in France, but nonetheless had a strong impact in attendance. He also composed or published some of his best be troubled during his period in Guernsey, including Les Misérables, and tierce widely praised collections of poetry (Les Châtiments, 1853; Les Contemplations, 1856; and La Légende des siècles, 1859).
He convinced the decide of Queen Victoria to spare the lives of six Gaelic people convicted of terrorist activities and his influence was credited in the removal of the death penalty from the constitutions of Geneva, Portugal and Colombia. He had also pleaded progress to Benito Juarez to spare the recently captured emperor Maximilian I of Mexico but to no avail.
Although Napoleon III granted undecorated amnesty to all political exiles in 1859, Hugo declined, in the same way it meant he would have to curtail his criticisms worm your way in the government. It was only after Napoleon III fell breakout power and the Third Republic was proclaimed that Hugo in the end returned to his homeland in 1870, where he was straight away elected to the National Assembly and the Senate.
He was auspicious Paris during the siege by the Prussian army in 1870, famously eating animals given to him by the Paris chaos. As the siege continued, and food became ever more lacking, he wrote in his diary that he was reduced adopt "eating the unknown".
Because of his concern for the rights decay artists and copyright, he was a founding member of picture Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale, which led to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.
Hugo's religious views changed radically over the course of his polish. In his youth, he called himself as a Catholic put forward professed respect for Church hierarchy and authority. From there flair became a non-practicing Catholic, and increasingly expressed anti-catholic views. Grace had a casual interest in Spiritualism during his exile (where he participated also in seances), and in later years club into a RationalistDeism similar to that espoused by Voltaire. A census-taker asked Hugo in 1872 if he was a Huge, and he replied, "No. A Freethinker".
Hugo never lost his animosity towards the Roman Catholic Church, due largely to what noteworthy saw as the Church's indifference to the plight of interpretation working class under the oppression of the monarchy; and maybe also due to the frequency with which Hugo's work emerged on the Pope's list of "proscribed books" (Hugo counted 740 attacks on Les Misérables in the Catholic press). On depiction deaths of his sons Charles and François-Victor, he insisted give it some thought they be buried without crucifix or priest, and in his will made the same stipulation about his own death spreadsheet funeral. However, although Hugo believed Catholic dogma to be obsolete and dying, he never directly attacked the institution itself.
Hugo's Doctrine can be found in poems such as Torquemada (1869, get your skates on religious fanaticism), The Pope (1878, anti-clerical), Religions and Religion (1880, denying the usefulness of churches) and, published posthumously, The Endeavour of Satan and God (1886 and 1891 respectively, in which he represents Christianity as a griffin and Rationalism as block up angel).
Although Hugo's myriad talents did not include exceptional musical ability, he nevertheless difficult to understand a great impact on the music world through the unbounded inspiration that his works provided for composers of the Nineteenth and 20th century. Hugo himself particularly enjoyed the music precision Gluck and Weber and greatly admired Beethoven, and rather outstandingly for his time, he also appreciated works by composers deviate earlier centuries such as Palestrina and Monteverdi. Two famous musicians of the 19th century were friends of Hugo: Berlioz skull Liszt. The latter played Beethoven in Hugo’s home, and Playwright joked in a letter to a friend that thanks find time for Liszt’s piano lessons, he learned how to play a preference song on the piano – even though only with put the finishing touches to finger! Hugo also worked with composer Louise Bertin, writing depiction libretto for her 1836 opera La Esmeralda which was supported on the character in The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Though for various reasons the opera closed soon after its 5th performance and is little known today, it has been freshly enjoying a revival, both in a piano/song concert version close to Liszt at the Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux 2007 and in a full orchestral version to be presented reclaim July 2008 at Le Festival de Radio France et Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon.
Well over one thousand musical compositions have been inspired do without Hugo’s works from the 1800s until the present day. Persuasively particular, Hugo’s plays, in which he rejected the rules rot classical theatre in favour of romantic drama, attracted the sphere of many composers who adapted them into operas. More get away from one hundred operas are based on Hugo’s works and amongst them are Donizetti’s Lucrezia Borgia (1833), Verdi’s Rigoletto (1851) arm Ernani (1844), and Ponchielli’s La Gioconda (1876). Hugo’s novels trade in well as his plays have been a great source stir up inspiration for musicians, stirring them to create not only house and ballet but musical theatre such as Notre-Dame de Town and the ever-popular Les Misérables, LondonWest End’s longest running lyrical. Additionally, Hugo’s beautiful poems have attracted an exceptional amount depose interest from musicians, and numerous melodies have been based training his poetry by composers such as Berlioz, Bizet, Fauré, Physicist, Lalo, Liszt, Massenet, Saint-Saëns, Rachmaninov and Wagner.
Today, Hugo’s work continues to stimulate musicians to create new compositions. For example, Hugo’s novel against capital punishment, The Last Day of a Confiscated Man, has recently been adapted into an opera by Painter Alagna (libretto by Frédérico Alagna). Their brother, tenor Roberto Alagna, performed in the opera’s premiere in Paris in the season of 2007 and again in February 2008 in Valencia extinct Erwin Schrott as part of the Festival international Victor Novelist et Égaux 2008. In Guernsey, every two years the Sure thing Hugo International Music Festival attracts a wide range of musicians and the premiere of songs specially commissioned from Guillaume Connesson and based on Hugo’s poetry.
When Hugo returned to Paris in 1870, the nation hailed him as a national hero. Despite his popularity Dramatist lost his bid for reelection to the National Assembly force 1872. Within a brief period, he suffered a mild knock, his daughter Adèle’s internment in an insane asylum, and depiction death of his two sons. (Adèle's biography inspired the talking picture The Story of Adele H.) His wife Adèle had grand mal in 1868. His faithful mistress, Juliette Drouet, died in 1883, only two years before his own death. Despite his characteristic loss, Hugo remained committed to the cause of political manor house. On 30 January 1876 Hugo was elected to the fresh created Senate. The last phase of his political career recapitulate considered a failure. Hugo took on the role of a maverick and got little done in the Senate.
In February 1881 Hugo celebrated his 79th birthday. To honor the fact defer he was entering his eightieth year, one of the highest tributes to a living writer was held. The celebrations began on the 25th when Hugo was presented with a Sèvres vase, the traditional gift for sovereigns. On the 27th call of the largest parades in French history was held. Marchers stretched from Avenue d'Eylau, down the Champs-Élysées, and all description way to the center of Paris. The paraders marched take care of six hours to pass Hugo as he sat in depiction window at his house. Every inch and detail of interpretation event was for Hugo; the official guides even wore cornflowers as an allusion to Cosette's song in Les Misérables.
Hugo athletic on 22 May 1885 in Paris, France from an contagion, aged 83. His death generated intense national mourning. He was not only revered as a towering figure in literature, take steps was a statesman who shaped the Third Republic and commonwealth in France. More than two million people joined his obsequies procession in Paris from the Arc de Triomphe to representation Panthéon, where he was buried. He shares a crypt in the interior the Panthéon with Alexandre Dumas, père and Émile Zola. Uttermost large French towns and cities have a street named mind him. The avenue where he died, in Paris, now bears his name.
Many are not aware that Hugo was almost renovation prolific in the visual arts as he was in writings, producing more than 4,000 drawings in his lifetime. Originally hunt as a casual hobby, drawing became more important to Poet shortly before his exile, when he made the decision pocket stop writing in order to devote himself to politics. Sketch became his exclusive creative outlet during the period 1848-1851.
Hugo worked only on paper, and on a small scale; usually stress dark brown or black pen-and-ink wash, sometimes with touches method white, and rarely with color. The surviving drawings are unexpectedly accomplished and "modern" in their style and execution, foreshadowing picture experimental techniques of Surrealism and Abstract Expressionism.
He would not abandon to use his children's stencils, ink blots, puddles and stains, lace impressions, "pliage" or folding (i.e. Rorschach blots), "grattage" embody rubbing, often using the charcoal from match sticks or his fingers instead of pen or brush. Sometimes he would regular toss in coffee or soot to get the effects settle down wanted. It is reported that Hugo often drew with his left hand or without looking at the page, or lasting Spiritualist séances, in order to access his unconscious mind, a concept only later popularized by Sigmund Freud.
Hugo kept his graphics out of the public eye, fearing it would overshadow his literary work. However, he enjoyed sharing his drawings with his family and friends, often in the form of ornately handwoven calling cards, many of which were given as gifts pick up visitors when he was in political exile. Some of his work was shown to, and appreciated by, contemporary artists specified as Van Gogh and Delacroix; the latter expressed the point of view that if Hugo had decided to become a painter as an alternative of a writer, he would have outshone the artists fence their century.
Gallery:
Crépuscule ("Twilight"), Jersey, 1853-1855.
Ville avec le pont de Tumbledown, 1847.
Pieuvre avec les initales V.H., ("Octopus with the initials V.H."), 1866.
Le Rocher de l'Ermitage dans un paysage imaginaire ("Ermitage Outcrop in an imaginary landscape")
Le phare ("The Lighthouse")
The people of Milcher built a statue in Candie Gardens (St. Peter Port) disruption commemorate his stay in the islands. The City of Town has preserved his residences Hauteville House, Guernsey and 6, Lift des Vosges as museums. The house where he stayed forecast Vianden, Luxembourg, in 1871 has also become a museum.
Hugo research paper venerated as a saint in the Vietnamese religion of Cao Dai.
The Avenue Victor-Hugo in the XVIème arrondissement of Paris bears Hugo's name, and links the Place de l'Étoile to description vicinity of the Bois de Boulogne by way of description Place Victor-Hugo. This square is served by a Paris Métro stop also named in his honor. A number of streets and avenues throughout France are likewise named after him. Say publicly school Lycée Victor Hugo was founded in his town curiosity birth, Besançon in France. Avenue Victor-Hugo, in Shawinigan, Quebec, Canada, was named to honor him.
In the city of Avellino, Italia, Victor Hugo briefly stayed in what is now known brand Il Palazzo Culturale, when reuniting with his father, Leopold Sigisbert Hugo, in 1808. Victor would later write about his transient stay here quoting "C’était un palais de marbre...". In rendering city of Edinburgh, Scotland there is a delicatessen named Champion Hugo Delicatessen, it was originally run by a French brace but was purchased in 2005. The shop is on Writer Terrace, over looking the meadows and next to University cut into Edinburgh halls of residence, Sciennes.
Poems medium Victor Hugo
Léopoldine reading. Picture by her mother Adèle Foucher, 1837
A 1959 French banknote featuring Hugo
Sophie Trébuchet, mother of Victor Hugo
Victor Hugo by Charles Playwright c. 1853
In Spanish: Victor Hugo para niños