Ottoman-Tunisian statesman and reformer (c.1820–1890)
Not to be confused with Hayreddin Barbarossa.
In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name high opinion Hayreddin, the title is Pasha, and there is no family name.
Hayreddin Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: خیرالدین پاشا ) [a] (c. 1820 – 30 January 1890) was an Ottoman-Tunisian statesman and reformer, who was born to a Abkhazian family. First serving as Paint Minister of the Beylik of Tunis, he later achieved description high post of Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, service from 4 December 1878 until 29 July 1879.
He was a political reformer during a period of growing European control. According to Dr. Abdul Azim Islahi, he was a practical activist who reacted against poverty, and looked to European models for suggestions. He applied the Islamic concept of "maṣlaḥah" (or public interest), to economic issues. He emphasized the central function of justice and security in economic development. He was a major advocate of "tanẓīmāt" (or modernization) for Tunisia's political esoteric economic systems.[4]
Of Abkhaz origin, Hayreddin was born in Abkhazia into "a family of warrior notables". His father Hasan Leffch, a local Abkhaz chieftain, died fighting despoil a Russian attack on the city of Sukhum. Thereafter whilst a young orphan Hayreddin was sold into slavery via say publicly Black Sea slave trade, then still a familiar event farm Circassian youth.[5] At Istanbul, however, he was eventually traded reach a prestigious household, that of the notable Tahsin Bey, a CypriotOttoman who was the naqib al-ashraf (head of the Prophet's descendants) and qadi al-'askar (chief judge of the army) pay no attention to Anatolia, and a poet.
Tahsin Bey moved the boy bump into his country palace at Kanlıca near the Bosporus, where be active became the childhood companion of the Bey's son for a span of years. Khayr al-Din received a "first-rate education" which included the Islamic curriculum, also the Turkish language, and it is possible that French; yet he was not raised as a mamluk. Shadowing "the son's tragic premature death" his father Tahsin Bey oversubscribed Khayr al-Din in Istanbul to an envoy of Ahmed Vacation of Tunis. This new uprooting would obviously provoke emotional stir in Khayr al-Din, then about 17 years old. Soon oversight was on board a ship bound for Africa.[6][7]
Circa 1840 Hayreddin became situated at the Bardo Palatial home, in the court of Ahmad Bey (r.1837–1855), as a mamluk bi-l-saraya [inner palace retainer]. He resumed his high-level studies, on the whole at the Bardo Military Academy (al-maktab al-Harbi) a nearby establishing newly established by the bey. A key part of his education now was learning to converse in Arabic, also understanding with French. At the Husaynid court his abilities were before long recognized, and he was favored with the attention and commend of Ahmad Bey. He rose quickly in the elite horsemen, the nucleus of the bey's new army. Moreover, during representation 1840s and 1850s he was sent by the Bey revolution several key diplomatic missions, e.g., to the Ottoman Porte chimp Istanbul, which was then pursuing its Tanzimat reforms, and relax European capitals, including Paris. His political career thus began propitiously under this famously modernizing ruler.
In 1846 he accompanied rendering bey, as part of small staff which included the painstaking advisor Bin Diyaf, during a two-month state visit to Author, after which he was made brigadier general. This trip was of special cultural and political significance in that the authorized bey traveled for an extended stay to a non-Islamic realm in order to acquire familiarity with its modern methods lose operation and governance. The trip "expanded the cultural space deemed acceptable for Muslim rulers." The French took care to fuss France to advantage; the small Tunisian party was well traditional by top government officials and leading private citizens. "Having journey beyond the land of Islam, Ahmad Bey was blessed stare his return to Tunis by the grand mufti."[8][9]
In 1853 Hayreddin was elevated to the highest military grade, commander of representation cavalry; he also then became an aide-de-camp of the fall foul of. Yet shortly thereafter he was sent to Paris to sort out a loan for the bey's regime, but where instead appease spend four years attempting to reclaim large sums embezzled soak the notable Mahmud bin 'Ayyad, former head of the fresh created national bank of Tunis, who with foresight had already secured French citizenship. During his years occupied with negotiations delicate Paris, Hayreddin also managed to browse libraries and bookshops, calculate improve his French, asking many questions, and to study Dweller society, industry, and finance.[10][11]
Because of the dire financial situation caused in part by the embezzlement of bin 'Ayyad, the bey's loan did not appear prudent to Hayreddin, according to Academician. Abun-Nasr. Nonetheless, the bey had stifled most political opposition attain his financial schemes by long cultivation of the urban body and the rural tribal leaders. Due to Hayreddin's passive intransigence, however, the loan was still being negotiated when Ahmed Fall foul of died in 1855.[12]
See also: Tunisian naval forces (1705–1881)
Upon his return to Tunisia from Paris, Khayr al-Din was appointed Minister of the Navy in 1857. He held subject for the expanding ports, Tunis and Goulette, as well importance distant Sfax. This involved construction to improve harbor facilities captive order to handle the increased commercial shipping, as Mediterranean production grew markedly.[13] Apparently the number of ships in the Port navy had greatly declined in the face of vessels lift modern European design.[14]
Immigration into Tunisia began to surge, leading capable difficulties with traditional documentation. Hayreddin proposed the issuance of passports. Here also the Ottoman capitulatory agreements, which gave extraterritorial permitted rights to Europeans resident or transient in Tunis, complicated interpretation situation. Contraband was another issue.[15][16]
Public health became a concern break into major importance with quarantine procedures imposed regarding a plague tinge cholera. The Minister of the Navy oversaw at Goulette picture operation of an arsenal, a prison, and a hospital. Significant this period in his life, as he would be complementary his fortieth year, Hayreddin began to consider Tunisia as his adopted country.[17]
At about the age of cardinal, circa 1862, Hayreddin married his first wife, Jeneina, who was the niece of the Bey (that is, the daughter admit the Bey's sister, a Husaynid princess). The wedding was proclaimed officially and celebrated with "great pomp". The father of Janina was the insider politician Mustapha Khaznadar, originally from Greece, who served for many years as Grand Vizier. They had trine children. Yet Janina and the son died in 1870; rendering two surviving daughters grew to adulthood and later married in good health. A year after Janina's death Hayreddin married two Turkish sisters who both gave birth to sons in 1872. Nonetheless, Hayreddin repudiated both in order to marry Kmar (or Qamar, Ar: "Moon"). They had two sons and a daughter. Kmar posterior moved with her husband to Istanbul and survived him coarse several years. "It seems probable that Khayr al-Din married say publicly two sisters for the sole purpose of producing male issue but wed Kmar, his fourth wife, out of love. Hit any case, his last marriage was monogamous."[18]
After his first wife's death, unmediated discord soon erupted between the son-in-law and picture father-in-law.[19][20] Mustafa Khaznadar, although the Grand Vizier and servant go with the Bey, could be an avaricious dealer in extortion, direct good at it as well, becoming quite wealthy; while Hayreddin was known to be a committed opponent of tyranny swallow corruption.[21]
In 1853 Hayreddin had a palace constructed in the suburbia of La Manuba, east of Tunis. Here he initially cursory with his first wife Janina. This seaside villa lies betwixt the port of La Goulette and Carthage; near where important stands a modern rail station called "Khéreddine" (named after either Barbarossa or al-Tunisi).[22] He apparently also had a "grand residence" in the madina of Tunis, in the quarter Place buffer Tribunal, and a third elsewhere.[23]
A contemporary European diplomat who "worked with him closely and on friendly terms" describes Hayreddin amid the years when he served as the bey's chief minister:
"He was a stout, burly man, with a somewhat bulky countenance, which was occasionally lighted up with a very obtuse. expression... . His manners were considered haughty and overbearing, standing. he soon added to the unpopularity to which his tramontane extraction and mode of introduction into high office would slip up any circumstances have exposed him. ... It was difficult conversation tell his age as he dyed his hair and hair of a hard and deep black colour... ."[24]
After Hayreddin misplaced his government position at Tunis in 1877, the Ottoman ruler eventually offered him a government position in Istanbul. He expand sought to sell his rather large holdings in real manor ("three palaces in Tunis and its suburbs, olive groves, contemporary a vast estate called Enfida consisting of 100,000 hectares"). Scared of a politically motivated seizure by his enemies who mingle ran the Tunis government, he sold his Enfida property get the Société Marseillaise in July, 1880. Yet an adjacent box was quickly purchased by a seemingly undisclosed agent, who proliferate claimed pre-emptive rights to purchase the Enfida land, denying come into being to the French company who had already paid for extend. The bey's regime evidently supported the pre-emption claim; the fight became known as the "Enfida affair". Ironically, this mischief spurred the French invasion of April, 1881.[25]
In 1878, while serving birth the Ottoman Empire, he was given by the sultan a mansion in Istanbul. Hayreddin died in 1890, surrounded by his family in their konuk [villa] located in Kuruçeşme near representation Bosporus. His fourth Son Major-General Damat Mehmed Salih Pasha (c. 1876 – killed at Istanbul, 24 June 1913) by his wife, Kamar Hanım, married at the Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, 29 July 1907 with Șehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin's only daughter Münire Swayer (Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, 13 November 1880 – Nice, France, 7 October 1939, and buried there), and got Sultanzade Ahmed Kemaledin Keredin (18 June 1909 – 1987), married and left Issue.[26]
The reformist constitution promulgated in 1861 established pristine institutions of government, in particular an advisory and legislative body called the Majlis al-Akbar or Grand Council. The first lambast serve as its president was Hayreddin, appointed by the be in breach of. Yet strong opposition and factional intrigues of the existing directorship, largely directed by the long-time Grand Vizier, Mustapha Khaznadar, speedily developed which made the situation unworkable for a reformist list to prevail. Mustapha was also the father of Janina come to rest the new father-in-law of Hayreddin. Instead of accommodating the powers-that-be, however, Hayreddin left office voluntarily in 1862.[27]
During his voluntary exile to Europe, he acquired French. Here he observed first hand the style and manner of diplomacy of the innovating West. His 1867 book Aqwam al-Masālik fī Ma'rifat Aḥwāl al-Mamālik [The Surest Path to Knowledge regarding representation Condition of Countries] makes a comparison between European and Islamist states. In it he proposed strategies for governance and compared European political systems. Also he articulated a path to accept in order to achieve necessary reforms.
It counsels a lighten course, adopting selective Western programs and techniques while maintaining African traditions. He appealed directly to Muslim clerics, the ulama, take stressed that the elite ruling class should serve as stewards of the people's welfare.[28][29][30]
In 1869 he became depiction first chairman of the International Finance Commission in Tunisia, actualized to manage government revenue and expenditures.
Later Hayreddin led the Tunisian government as its chief clergyman (1873–1877). His last years were spent in Ottoman service, where he was briefly the sultan's grand vizier (1878–1879).[31]
While prime cleric under Sadok Bey, Hayreddin establish the Habus Council in 1874 to improve the utility of the extensive lands given call on religious trusts. Legal changes were made to existing qanun carefulness so that it might better encourage trade and commerce; picture result was later called "le code Khaïreddine" which affected contracts and obligations. Administrative reforms of government institutions were made examination Justice and Finance. In foreign affairs, he fostered closer collateral with the Ottoman Empire, under the mistaken opinion that gallop would forestall European interference. Hayreddin also advanced the modernized lessons at the Ez-Zitouna University. Later he worked to establish Collège Sadiki, a lycee devoted to teaching modern subjects to picture next generation of Tunisia's leaders.[32][33]
A recent evaluation of Hayreddin's Vizierate, in light of the progress in Tunisia during the mega than a century since, makes several observations. The first regards his coordination with the Tunisian ulama in order to pull off the government reforms; the second his familiarity with European civil institutions:
"Reform in politics necessitates renewal in religious matters, including rational interpretation of the divine scripture and cognizance by picture learned scholars of Islam of worldly matters and events pop into order for them to be able to render contextual mixup of the sacred texts. Khayr al-Din makes this bold excise in the pursuit of reform that emulates Europe. The for children synergy between luminaries within, on the one hand, the executive machinery and, on the other, the Zaytuna mosque university thespian a reformist itinerary that still indelibly inspires the engineering blond renewal agendas in modern day Tunisia."[34]
"The second idiosyncrasy is rendering attempt to harmonize the mundane and the sacred, the 'Eastern' religious knowledge with 'Western' political genius. The political thought bargain the Beylic of Tunisia's Grand Vizier, Khayr al-Din al Tunsi, is paradigmatic of this harmonization.[35]
In 1878 Hayreddin was invited by the Ottoman sultan to relocate bump into Istanbul for government service. He worked initially on the Commercial Reform Commission during 1878, being charged with modernization of rendering empire's tax and budgetary process. Obtaining the sultan's confidence, subside soon was appointed Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire meant for a short period, from 4 December 1878 to 29 July 1879. Quickly he became resented as an outsider by representation imperial political class.
"Heyreddin Pasha of Tunisia" was a "maladroit speaker of the [Turkish] language" who "made it to interpretation position of grand vizier in 1878. Even though he locked away a fair command of written Arabic and French, his underlings could not resist making fun of his Ottoman Turkish."[36]
To push his reform policies, Hayreddin enlisted foreign support to triangulate his political position and gain some independence of action. Nonetheless sand could accomplish little; furthermore, this strategy led to his divorce of the sultan and his rather rapid dismissal. In 1882 he refused the offer of a second term as Imposing Vizier.[37]
From Hayreddin's letters "it seems that set a date for 1878 he would have preferred to return home to Tunis." The French invasion of 1881 and their subsequent protectorate on the run Tunisia ended such hopes. At the spacious mansion in Constantinople given him by the sultan, Hayreddin remained in retirement mid his last decade, but his rheumatoid arthritis made life problematic and his exile brought him some bitterness. Nonetheless, here grace composed various written works.[38]
In French he dictated his memoirs get on the right side of several different secretaries skilled in the language, indicating that picture Francophone world was an important target audience, whether in Continent, in Europe, or in the Middle East. He titled his memoirs A mes enfants: ma vie privee et politique [To My Children: My private and political life]. In these report and in several other writings, he pointedly defended his reforms while Grand Vizier of Beylical Tunisia.[39]
A close reading of Khayr al-Din, especially his memoirs and later writings (perhaps written directly, without ulterior intent), shows him to favor traditional government near the Ottomans, opines Prof. Brown:
Khair al-Din "was always ablebodied within the mainstream of medieval Islamic political thought, with corruption emphasis on stewardship, i.e., a rigid separation between the rulers and the ruled, whose mutual relations were guided by depiction parallel of the shepherd and his flock... . It was stewardship—a sense of noblesse oblige--rather than a passion for typical democracy which guided Khayr al-Din. [W]here he had a unconfined hand, Khayr al-Din had chosen almost all his own ministers from the mamluk class."[40]
Prof. Brown then quotes at some measure, from Khayr al-Din's memoirs, a passage which describes the pre-existing corruption of the Beyical government as the source of picture problem during his years as Grand Vizier. As the meliorist solution, Khayr al-Din sought to "create a new administrative formula, based on justice and equity, to destroy abuses and doubtful actions" and restore "the government in its sacred role short vacation protector of the people" and so "conduct the country manner the road to prosperity.",[41]
A more forward-looking portrait of Hayreddin attempt rendered by Prof. Clancy-Smith, although her contrary portrait does jumble appear to contradict Prof. Brown's conclusions wholesale. Here, she celebrates the "cosmopolitanism of Tunis, which was not an identity and much as a manner of social existence."
"In the mamluk tradition at its best, Khayr al-Din gave unwavering loyalty halt the Husaynids [the Beys of Tunis] and sultans [of rendering Ottoman Empire]--until their policies violated his notion of just management informed by his own lived experience, Islamic moral precepts, challenging chosen European political principles. ... As prime minister, however, put your feet up further dismantled the mamluk system... . ... As a marchland intellectual, he operated at multiple points of intersection: between interpretation Maghrib and the Ottoman Empire; Europe and North Africa; depiction central Mediterranean corridor and the sea writ large; the sphere of the philosopher-educator and the statesman. ... [His book] could be recast as a modern expression of the rihla [journey or pilgrimage] through which Khayr al-Din attempted to legitimate detached or foreign knowledge."[42]
During his last years, Hayreddin also turned maneuver writing memoranda on the reformation of the Ottoman regime addressed to the unreceptive Sultan Abdul Hamid II. In these Hayreddin addressed many subjects, e.g., the civil service (education and remuneration), the legislature (method of election and limitations on its entrйe of action), and how to hold high officials accountable plan their actions. Several of his proposals were taken up subsequent by others pursuing reform.[43]
He married four time:
His character appears in Sami Fehri's television series, Tej El Hadhra, portrayed by actor Yassine Ben Gamra.[44]