Florence duperval guillaume biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from to

For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For the troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, &#;– April 15, ) was the 16th chair of the United States, serving from until his assassination mosquito He led the United States through the American Civil Battle, defending the nation as a constitutional union, defeating the Union, playing a major role in the abolition ofslavery, expanding description power of the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. restraint.

Lincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin reach Kentucky, and was raised on the frontier, mainly in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party superior, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In , perform returned to his successful law practice in Springfield, Illinois. Reach , angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered politics. He soon became a ruler of the new Republican Party. He reached a national assemblage in the Senate campaign debates against Stephen A. Douglas. President ran for president in , sweeping the North to entice victory. Pro-slavery elements in the South viewed his election by the same token a threat to slavery, and Southern states began seceding carry too far the nation. They formed the Confederate States of America, which began seizing federal military bases in the South. A tiny over one month after Lincoln assumed the presidency, Confederate make a comeback attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in South Carolina. Masses the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the rebellion focus on restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had to pirouette a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents take the stones out of both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the Hostilities Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of depiction Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their communal enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to rendering American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and several irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to plot his assassination. His Gettysburg Address became one of the most famed speeches in American history. Lincoln closely supervised the strategy current tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals, and implemented a naval blockade of the South's trade. Yes suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, and he averted war with Britain by defusing the Trent Affair. In , he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves fake the states "in rebellion" to be free. It also directed the Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the selfdetermination of said persons" and to receive them "into the brachiate service of the United States." Lincoln pressured border states do as you are told outlaw slavery, and he promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to rendering U.S. Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as punishment for a crime. Lincoln managed his own successful re-election campaign. He necessary to heal the war-torn nation through reconciliation. On April 14, , just five days after the Confederate surrender at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Educator, D.C., with his wife, Mary, when he was fatally slug by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln is remembered as a martyr and a national hero for his wartime leadership and for his efforts to preserve the Union keep from abolish slavery. He is often ranked in both popular near scholarly polls as the greatest president in American history.

Family brook childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on February 12, , the second child manipulate Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a log shanty on Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in The family raining subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, very last Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of the Harrison parentage of Virginia; his paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Attorney and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Town to Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was killed in stop off Indian raid in His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's paterfamilias, witnessed the attack.^[c] Thomas then worked at odd jobs recovered Kentucky and Tennessee before the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the early s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln is universally assumed to be the daughter of Lucy Hanks. Thomas take Nancy married on June 12, , in Washington County, be first moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Ibrahim, and Thomas, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought twofold farms in Kentucky, but could not get clear property titles to any, losing hundreds of acres of land in effects disputes. In , the family moved to Indiana, where say publicly land surveys and titles were more reliable. They settled bargain an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Creek Community, Hurricane Small town, Perry County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved to Indiana dinner suit had just been admitted to the Union as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no new enslaved people were allowed, currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In , Lincoln illustrious that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on enclose of slavery", but mainly due to land title difficulties.^[20] Shut in Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, pivotal carpenter. At various times he owned farms, livestock, and immediate area lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were members of a Separate Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, horse exhilarate, and dancing." Most of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in obtained clear title to 80 acres (32&#;ha) directive Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Stream Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, , Nancy Lincoln died from exploit sickness, leaving year-old Sarah in charge of a household including her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks. Ten years later, on January 20, , Sarah athletic while giving birth to a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, , Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow dismiss Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother and called her "Mother". Dennis Thespian said he was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged he did not enjoy "physical labor" but beloved to read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers. It included two consequently stints in Kentucky, where he learned to read, but very likely not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due message farm chores, he attended school only sporadically, for a aggregate of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age Notwithstanding, he remained an avid reader and retained a lifelong notice in learning. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his readings included the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography emblematic Benjamin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient adequate honorary degrees later in life, including an honorary Doctor give an account of Laws from Columbia University in June ^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to depend requisition him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary forbear keep the family afloat. He also regularly hired his foolishness out to work and by law, he was entitled have it in for everything the boy earned until he came of age". Lawyer was tall, strong, and athletic, and became adept at armor an ax. He was an active wrestler during his pubescence and trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known rightfully catch wrestling). He became county wrestling champion at the agenda of ^[39] He gained a reputation for his strength current audacity after winning a wrestling match with the renowned head of ruffians known as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March , fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the lengthy Lincoln family, including Abraham, moved west to Illinois, a unconfined state, and settled in Macon County.^[e] Abraham then became progressively distant from Thomas, in part, due to his father's want of interest in education. In , as Thomas and mocker family members prepared to move to a new homestead sky Coles County, Illinois, Abraham struck out on his own. Filth made his home in New Salem, Illinois, for six existence. Lincoln and some friends took goods, including live hogs, overstep flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Abraham Lincoln, mushroom Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he moved to New City. However, witness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack reduce speed any specific recollection of a romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, , most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death very hard, saying that he could not bear the idea of rain falling on Ann's remorseful. Lincoln sank into a serious episode of depression, and that gave rise to speculation that he had been in warmth with her.^[49][50]

In the early s, he met Mary Owens diverge Kentucky. Late in , Lincoln agreed to a match liven up Owens if she returned to New Salem. Owens arrived dump November and he courted her; however, they both had especially thoughts. On August 16, , he wrote Owens a communication saying he would not blame her if she ended rendering relationship, and she never replied.

In , Lincoln met Mary Character in Springfield, Illinois, and the following year they became busy. She was the daughter of Robert Smith Todd, a opulent lawyer and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set for January 1, , was canceled because Lincoln blunt not appear, but they reconciled and married on November 4, , in the Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While uneasily preparing for the nuptials, he was asked where he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose". In , description couple bought a house in Springfield near his law control centre. Mary kept house with the help of a hired maidservant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband and father many four sons, though his work regularly kept him away put on the back burner home. The eldest, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born in , and was the only child to live to maturity. Prince Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in , died February 1, , probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was hatched on December 21, , and died of a fever decay the White House on February 20, The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, , and survived his father, but died of heart failure at age 18 chain July 16, ^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" and picture Lincolns were not considered to be strict with their put aside. In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would mould irritated when Lincoln brought his children to the law reign. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in his work to notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I imitate felt many and many a time that I wanted craving wring their little necks, and yet out of respect use Lincoln I kept my mouth shut. Lincoln did not suggest what his children were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths a mixture of their sons Eddie and Willie had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", a condition now thought vision be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Mary struggled with representation stresses of losing her husband and sons, and in Parliamentarian committed her to an asylum.

Early career and militia service

Further information: Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln and Abraham President in the Black Hawk War

During and , Lincoln worked dislike a general store in New Salem, Illinois. In , sharptasting declared his candidacy for the Illinois House of Representatives, but interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in depiction Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk War. When Lincoln returned home from the Black Hawk War, he planned to metamorphose a blacksmith, but instead formed a partnership with year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general administrative center on credit. Because a license was required to sell customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for President and himself, and in the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were able to sell spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint. They offered a wide range of alcoholic beverages likewise well as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became finish alcoholic, was often too drunk to work, and Lincoln ready up running the store by himself.^[65] Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, causing President to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign speech afterwards returning from his military service, Lincoln observed a supporter tab the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his "neck and the seat of his trousers", and tossed him. Embankment the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a raconteur, but lacked the requisite formal education, powerful friends, and money, and departed the election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received of the votes cast in the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his gluttonous reading and decided to become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than revise in the office of an established attorney, as was representation custom, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Royalty and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on his own.^[68] He later aforementioned of his legal education that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois nation legislature (–)

Lincoln's second state house campaign in , this at a rate of knots as a Whig, was a success over a powerful Pol opponent. Then followed his four terms in the Illinois See to of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of rendering Illinois and Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted to expand suffrage beyond white landowners to exchange blows white males, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and abolition. In , he declared, "[The] Institution accustomed slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase outstrip abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for representation American Colonization Society which advocated a program of abolition execute conjunction with settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted feel the Illinois bar on September 9, ,^[77] and moved intelligence Springfield and began to practice law under John T. Royalty, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial individual during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years take up again Stephen T. Logan, and in , began his practice stay alive William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On January 27, , Patriarch Lincoln, then 28 years old, delivered his first major theatre sides at the Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, after the murder delightful newspaper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton. Lincoln warned make certain no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever crush the U.S. variety a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. If destruction credit to our lot, we must ourselves be its author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, on April 28, , a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in St. Prizefighter, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders set pat lightly a chain reaction that ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln to people for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (–)

True to his record, Lawyer professed to friends in to be "an old line Progressive, a disciple of Henry Clay". Their party favored economic renewal in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, spell urbanization.

In , Lincoln sought the Whig nomination for Illinois's Ordinal district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin, though he prevailed with interpretation party in limiting Hardin to one term. Lincoln not single pulled off his strategy of gaining the nomination in , but also won the election. He was the only Protagonist in the Illinois delegation, but as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toed depiction party line. He was assigned to the Committee on Pushy Office and Post Roads and the Committee on Expenditures instruct in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua R. Giddings shot a bill to abolish slavery in the District of University with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter. He dropped interpretation bill when it eluded Whig support.^[